Виртуальные технологии в образовании: проблемы нормативно-правового регулирования

Introduction. The relevance of the article is due to the problems of the regulatory and legal substantiation of the use of virtual technologies in education, which consists in the lack of legal criteria for the introduction of immersive technologies in the educational space. Currently, despite the intensive development of digital technologies, including immersive, domestic education lacks actual regulations that would regulate the use of virtual reality (VR) / augmented reality (AR) technologies in the educational process.Purpose setting. It is becoming relevant to conduct a comparative legal analysis of scientific publications in the legal and pedagogical areas on the regulatory and legal support of virtual VR and AR technologies, to study the regulatory framework of Russian legislation governing the use of VR and AR technologies in education, to identify common regulatory and legal problems for educational organizations of all levels.Methodology and methods of the study. The study includes a review of bibliographic and regulatory sources on the problems of legal justification for the use of virtual technologies in education, a structural analysis of local legal acts, generalization and synthesis of research results. The article talks about the need to have a clear regulatory framework for their use in the educational process, the development of mechanisms and regulations for assessing the safety of the use of technologies, the compliance of the content with the educational goals, and the streamlining of the conceptual apparatus.Results. The results include a generalization of the main legal problems that complicate the implementation of immersive/virtual technologies in the educational process.Conclusion. It has been revealed that the problems of legal regulation of the use of virtual technologies are of a common nature for educational organizations of all levels; the issues of legal justification for the use of virtual technologies in local regulations, the creators of which are each educational organization, have not been sufficiently resolved; the very construction of the concept «virtual technologies» is not presented definitively in regulatory legal acts, which allows the use of broader terms «immersive technologies», «immersion technologies, etc.; the need to develop requirements for new competencies of teachers has been identified; regulatory and legal regulation of the process of introducing VR/AR technologies within the educational process as an educational method is required.Введение. Актуальность статьи обусловлена проблемами нормативно-правового обоснования применения виртуальных технологий в образовании, заключающимися в отсутствии правовых критериев для внедрения иммерсивных технологий в образовательное пространство. В настоящее время, несмотря на интенсивное развитие цифровых, в том числе иммерсивных технологий, отечественное образование испытывает недостаток в современных нормативно-правовых актах, которые регулировали бы применение технологий виртуальной (VR) и дополненной (AR) реальностей в образовательном процессе.Постановка задачи. Актуальным становится проведение сравнительно-правового анализа научных публикаций юридического и педагогического направлений по нормативно-правовому сопровождению технологий виртуальной (VR) и дополненной (AR) реальностей, изучение нормативно-правовой базы российского законодательства, регулирующего применение технологий виртуальной (VR) и дополненной (AR) реальностей в образовании, определение общих нормативно-правовых проблем для образовательных организаций всех уровней.Методика и методология исследования. Исследование включает обзор библиографических и нормативных источников по проблеме нормативно-правового обоснования применения виртуальных технологий в образовании, структурный анализ локальных нормативно-правовых актов, обобщение и синтез результатов исследований. В статье говорится о необходимости иметь четкую нормативную базу для их использования в образовательном процессе, разработке механизмов и регламентов оценки безопасности применения технологий, соответствия содержательного контента поставленным образовательным целям, упорядочению понятийного аппарата.Результаты. К результатам можно отнести обобщение основных правовых проблем, затрудняющих внедрение иммерсивных/виртуальных технологий в образовательный процесс.Выводы. Выявлено, что проблемы правового регулирования использования виртуальных технологий имеют общий характер для образовательных организаций всех уровней; недостаточно урегулированы вопросы правового обоснования использования виртуальных технологий в локальных нормативных актах, создателями которых выступает каждая образовательная организация; конструкция понятия «виртуальные технологии» не представлена дефинитивно в нормативно-правовых актах, что позволяет использовать более широкие термины «иммерсивные технологии», «технологии погружения и т. д. Кроме того, определена потребность в выработке требований к новым компетенциям педагогов; нормативно-правовом регламентировании процесса внедрения VR/AR технологий в рамках образовательного процесса как образовательной методики

Combined effects of deltamethrin and T-2 toxin on animals during the use of bentonite

This study investigated the combined effects of deltamethrin and T-2 toxin on animals, utilizing bentonite as a prophylactic agent. The research was conducted on white rats, which were orally administered the toxins for 20 consecutive days. Subsequently, clinical, hematological, and biochemical parameters were examined to assess the impact of the toxins on the animals. Based on research results, it has been established that the combined effect of deltamethrin and T-2 toxin with repeated administration is characterized by more severe clinical, hematological and biochemical changes than with separate exposure to toxicants. Accompanied by a decrease in the number of leukocytes, erythrocytes and hemoglobin, a decrease in total protein, glucose and cholinesterase activity. Adding bentonite to the feed as a prophylactic agent at a dose of 2% of the diet has a preventive effect in case of combined poisoning with deltamethrin and T- 2 toxin, and helps to normalize the clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters of animals

Interaction of endophytic microorganisms with respect to cypermethrin

Aim. Search and selection of microorganisms with active enzymatic properties for possible biodestruction of pyrethroids.Materials and Methods. For effective screening and selection of the most active isolates, for the subsequent development of biotechnological methods for the destruction of pesticides and reduction of their toxicity, samples of the phylosphere and rhizosphere of agricultural crops, food products, etc. were taken. The isolates were evaluated by intracellular metabolism and the production of exoenzymes. The isolated microorganisms were identified on the basis of the "Bergi Bacteria Determinant". Screening of microorganisms for the development of biotechnological methods to reduce the toxicity of ecotoxicants included the following stages: selection of sources, sampling, seeding on a dense medium for isolation of pure culture, replanting of pure culture and investigation of biological properties of isolated strains.Results. In order to search for microorganisms capable of utilising pyrethroids, isolates of microscopic fungi and bacteria were obtained. Of the 23 selected strains, 12 had the widest spectrum of activity, while 5 strains showed the most pronounced and stable antagonistic activity against pathogenic microorganisms at various temperature parameters from 30°C to 42°C (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus). For the selected strains, the environment was optimised to activate cellular metabolic processes. The activity of amylases, proteases, xylanases and cellulases of the fungus Trichoderma, and proteases of L. plantarum, L. lactis,   B. subtilis and Propionibacterium was evaluated. Studies of the effect on the synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes of various concentrations in the culture medium in the presence of xylan polysaccharides, cellulose, starch and casein protein were carried out.Conclusion. Toxicological studies of the selected isolates and of a composition consisting of these isolates in the form of a culture suspension on the simplest stylonychia were carried out. Biotesting on isolated aquatic microorganisms (Trichoderma, L. plantarum, L. lactis, B. subtilis and Propionibacterium) showed that the percentage of dead infusoria (S. mytilus) in both the experiment and the control showed no significant differences. A microbiological composition has been created that can be used to protect the environment when exposed to toxicants of agrotechnogenic origin. The selected strains were tested for the possibility of biodegradation of pyrethroids using the example of cypermethrin

GPCR Genes as Activators of Surface Colonization Pathways in a Model Marine Diatom

Publisher's version (útgefin grein)Surface colonization allows diatoms, a dominant group of phytoplankton in oceans, to adapt to harsh marine environments while mediating biofoulings to human-made underwater facilities. The regulatory pathways underlying diatom surface colonization, which involves morphotype switching in some species, remain mostly unknown. Here, we describe the identification of 61 signaling genes, including G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and protein kinases, which are differentially regulated during surface colonization in the model diatom species, Phaeodactylum tricornutum. We show that the transformation of P. tricornutum with constructs expressing individual GPCR genes induces cells to adopt the surface colonization morphology. P. tricornutum cells transformed to express GPCR1A display 30% more resistance to UV light exposure than their non-biofouling wild-type counterparts, consistent with increased silicification of cell walls associated with the oval biofouling morphotype. Our results provide a mechanistic definition of morphological shifts during surface colonization and identify candidate target proteins for the screening of eco-friendly, anti-biofouling molecules.Financial support for this work was provided by New York University Abu Dhabi Faculty Research Funds ( AD060 ) and NYUAD Institute grant ( 73 71210 CGSB9 ). W.F. was additionally supported by the Icelandic Technology Development Fund ( 163922-0611 ). The authors thank Kenan S. Jijakli and Joseph Koussa for editing and comments on the generation of several figures. We thank the NYU Abu Dhabi Core Technology Platforms (CTP) and NYUAD Bioinformatics Core for assistance. We thank Marc Arnoux and Nizar Drou for help with high throughput sequencing and analysis.Peer Reviewe

Silaffins of Diatoms: From Applied Biotechnology to Biomedicine

Silaffins are involved in the formation of the cell walls of diatoms. It is known that silaffins can precipitate silica in vitro, forming nano- and micro-particles in the shape of spheres and plates containing many pores. It is important to note that the deposition of silica and the particle morphology in the presence of silaffins affects chemical and physical agents (e.g., peptides, polyamines, phosphate, nitrogen, and the mechanical changes of the reaction mixture). It is believed that silaffins act as an organic matrix for silica-genesis and that silica pore size should reflect the pattern of a matrix. Here, biotechnology related to silaffins is discussed in the context of “a hypothesis of silaffin matrix” and “the LCPA-phosphate model”. We discuss the most promising area of silaffin biotechnology—the development of production methods for silicon structures with desired shapes and nanostructural properties that can be used to create biocompatible materials

Origin and Status of Homologous Proteins of Biomineralization (Biosilicification) in the Taxonomy of Phylogenetic Domains

The taxonomic affiliation (in the systematisation of viruses, and biological domains) of known peptides and proteins of biomineralization (silicateins, silaffins, silacidins and silicase) and their primary structure homologues were analyzed (methodsin silico; using Uniprot database). The total number of known peptides and proteins of biosilicification was counted. The data of the quantitative distribution of the detected homologues found in nature are presented. The similarity of the primary structures of silaffins, silacidins, silicateins, silicase, and their homologues was 21–94%, 45–98%, 39–50%, and 28–40%, respectively. These homologues are found in many organisms, from the Protista to the higher plants and animals, including humans, as well as in bacteria and extracellular agents, and they perform a variety of biological functions, such as biologically controlled mineralisation. The provisional classification of these biomineralization proteins is presented. The interrelation of the origin of the first organic polymers and biomineralization is discussed.</jats:p

Silaffins of Diatoms: From Applied Biotechnology to Biomedicine

Silaffins are involved in the formation of the cell walls of diatoms. It is known that silaffins can precipitate silica in vitro, forming nano- and micro-particles in the shape of spheres and plates containing many pores. It is important to note that the deposition of silica and the particle morphology in the presence of silaffins affects chemical and physical agents (e.g., peptides, polyamines, phosphate, nitrogen, and the mechanical changes of the reaction mixture). It is believed that silaffins act as an organic matrix for silica-genesis and that silica pore size should reflect the pattern of a matrix. Here, biotechnology related to silaffins is discussed in the context of “a hypothesis of silaffin matrix” and “the LCPA-phosphate model”. We discuss the most promising area of silaffin biotechnology—the development of production methods for silicon structures with desired shapes and nanostructural properties that can be used to create biocompatible materials