PENGGUNAAN BUKU KIA SEBAGAI MEDIA EDUKASI PADA IBU HAMIL

Data cakupan kepemilikan buku KIA di Puskesmas Tlogosari Kulon sebesar 95%, namun termasuk dalam urutan pertama kasus kematian ibu di Kota Semarang. Tujuan penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan penggunaan buku KIA dengan praktik sehat ibu hamil di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Tlogosari Kulon. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian explanatory research dengan rancangan cross-sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah ibu hamil di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Tlogosari Kulon sebanyak 703 ibu hamil dengan usia kehamilan > 4 bulan. Subjek sebanyak 93 ibu hamil yang dipilih dengan teknik simple random sampling. Analisis data menggunakan uji korelasi spearman dan Chi square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan persentase terbanyak pada pengetahuan ibu hamil dengan kategori baik (53,8%), sikap ibu hamil dengan kategori positif (59,1%), praktik sehat ibu hamil dengan kategori baik (58,1%), penggunaan buku KIA dengan kategori baik (50,5%) dan informasi dari sumber lain dengan kategori baik (65,6%). Tidak ada hubungan penggunaan buku KIA dengan pengetahuan (p=0,310), praktik (p=0,925) dan ada hubungan penggunaan buku KIA dengan sikap (p=0,000). Sebelum dikontrol dengan informasi dari sumber lain didapatkan hasil bahwa tidak ada hubungan membaca buku KIA dengan pengetahuan (0,432), praktik sehat ibu hamil (0,797) dan ada hubungan membaca buku KIA dengan sikap ibu hamil terhadap kesehatan (0,000). Setelah dikontrol dengan informasi dari sumber lain dianalisis secara terpisah antara ibu yang mendapat informasi dari sumber lain dan yang tidak mendapat informasi dari sumber lain diperoleh hasil yang sama seperti sebelum dikontrol dengan informasi dari sumber lain.Disarankan program yang sudah ada seperti kelas ibu hamil perlu dikembangkan untuk mendukung penggunaan buku KIA sebagai informasi kesehatan Kata Kunci: penggunaan buku KIA, Ibu hamil, praktik, sikap, pengetahua

Differences in HIV Burden and Immune Activation within the Gut of HIV-Positive Patients Receiving Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy

Background. The gut is a major reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). We hypothesized that distinct immune environments within the gut may support varying levels of HIV. Methods. In 8 HIV-1-positive adults who were receiving ART and had CD4+ T cell counts of >200 cells/µL and plasma viral loads of <40 copies/mL, levels of HIV and T cell activation were measured in blood samples and endoscopic biopsy specimens from the duodenum, ileum, ascending colon, and rectum. Results. HIV DNA and RNA levels per CD4+ T cell were higher in all 4 gut sites compared with those in the blood. HIV DNA levels increased from the duodenum to the rectum, whereas the median HIV RNA level peaked in the ileum. HIV DNA levels correlated positively with T cell activation markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) but negatively with T cell activation markers in the gut. Multiply spliced RNA was infrequently detected in gut, and ratios of unspliced RNA to DNA were lower in the colon and rectum than in PBMCs, which reflects paradoxically low HIV transcription, given the higher level of T cell activation in the gut. Conclusions. HIV DNA and RNA are both concentrated in the gut, but the inverse relationship between HIV DNA levels and T cell activation in the gut and the paradoxically low levels of HIV expression in the large bowel suggest that different processes drive HIV persistence in the blood and gut. Trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00884793 (PLUS1

HIV-1 Infection of T cells and macrophages are differentially modulated by virion-associated Hck: a nef-dependent phenomenon

The proline repeat motif (PxxP) of Nef is required for interaction with the SH3 domains of macrophage-specific Src kinase Hck. However, the implication of this interaction for viral replication and infectivity in macrophages and T lymphocytes remains unclear. Experiments in HIV-1 infected macrophages confirmed the presence of a Nef:Hck complex which was dependent on the Nef proline repeat motif. The proline repeat motif of Nef also enhanced both HIV-1 infection and replication in macrophages, and was required for incorporation of Hck into viral particles. Unexpectedly, wild-type Hck inhibited infection of macrophages, but Hck was shown to enhance infection of primary T lymphocytes. These results indicate that the interaction between Nef and Hck is important for Nef-dependent modulation of viral infectivity. Hck-dependent enhancement of HIV-1 infection of T cells suggests that Nef-Hck interaction may contribute to the spread of HIV-1 infection from macrophages to T cells by modulating events in the producer cell, virion and target cell

AN ANALYSIS ON STUDENTS’ TYPES OF SENTENCES IN COMPOSING CONVERSATION AT SMA FREE METHODIST 2 MEDAN

The study identified and analyzed the types of sentences found in the text and what types of sentences were the dominantly used. Researchers use qualitative descriptive research methods by using analysis documents to obtain the desired results. Researchers collected 88 sentences data. The result showed that first, the types of sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative sentence. Declarative sentence consists of 18 data, interrogative sentence consists of 30 data, imperative sentence consists of 24 data and exclamative sentence consists of 16 data. Second, the data analyzed showed that the interrogative sentence is the most frequency dominant used, while the least frequency dominant is exclamative sentence

Diagnostic Applications for RNA-Seq Technology and Transcriptome Analyses in Human Diseases Caused by RNA Viruses

Human diseases caused by single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses, are among the deadliest of the 21st Century. In particular, there are two notable standouts: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Detection of these disease-causing viral transcripts, by next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), represents the most immediate opportunity for advances in diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive applicability in infectious diseases (e.g., AIDS and COVID-19). Moreover, RNA-Seq technologies add significant value to public health studies by first, providing real-time surveillance of known viral strains, and second, by the augmentation of epidemiological databases, construction of annotations and classifications of novel sequence variants. This chapter intends to recapitulate the current knowledge of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 transcriptome architecture, pathogenicity, and some features of the host immune response. Additionally, it provides an overview of recent advances in diagnostic sequencing methodologies and discusses the future challenges and prospects on the utilization of RNA-Seq technologies

Role for Caspase-8 in the Release of IL-1β and Active Caspase-1 from Viable Human Monocytes during Toxoplasma gondii Infection.

Monocytes are actively recruited to sites of infection and produce the potent proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. We previously showed that IL-1β release during Toxoplasma gondii infection of primary human monocytes requires the NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1 but is independent of gasdermin D and pyroptosis. To investigate mechanisms of IL-1β release, we generated caspase-1, -4, -5, or -8 knockout (KO) THP-1 monocytic cells. Genetic ablation of caspase-1 or -8, but not caspase-4 or -5, decreased IL-1β release during T. gondii infection without affecting cell death. In contrast, TNF-α and IL-6 secretion were unperturbed in caspase-8 KO cells during T. gondii infection. Dual pharmacological inhibition of caspase-8 and RIPK1 in primary monocytes also decreased IL-1β release without affecting cell viability or parasite infection. Caspase-8 was also required for the release of active caspase-1 from T. gondii-infected cells and for IL-1β release during infection with the related apicomplexan parasite Neospora caninum. Surprisingly, caspase-8 deficiency did not impair synthesis or cleavage of pro-IL-1β, but resulted in the retention of mature IL-1β within cells. Generation of gasdermin E KO and ATG7 KO THP-1 cells revealed that the release of IL-1β was not dependent on gasdermin E or ATG7. Collectively, our data indicate that during T. gondii Infection of human monocytes, caspase-8 functions in a novel gasdermin-independent mechanism controlling IL-1β release from viable cells. This study expands on the molecular pathways that promote IL-1β in human immune cells and provides evidence of a role for caspase-8 in the mechanism of IL-1β release during infection

Leveraging a Rapid, Round-the-Clock HIV Testing System to Screen for Acute HIV Infection in a Large Urban Public Medical Center

Methods The hospital laboratory performed round-the-clock rapid HIV antibody testing on venipuncture specimens from patients undergoing HIV testing in hospital and community clinics, inpatient settings, and the emergency department. For patients with negative results, a public health laboratory conducted pooled HIV RNA testing for acute HIV infection. The laboratories communicated positive results from the hospital campus to a linkage team. Linkage was defined as one outpatient HIV-related visit. Results Among 7,927 patients, 8,550 rapid tests resulted in 137 cases of HIV infection (1.7%, 95% CI 1.5%–2.0%), of whom 46 were new HIV diagnoses (0.58%, 95% CI 0.43%–0.77%). Pooled HIV RNA testing of 6,704 specimens (78.4%) resulted in 3 cases of acute HIV infection (0.05%, 95% CI 0.01%–0.14) and increased HIV case detection by 3.5%. Half of new HIV diagnoses and 2/3 of acute infections were detected in the emergency department and urgent care clinic. Rapid test sensitivity was 98.9% (95% CI 93.8%– 99.8%); specificity was 99.9% (95% CI 99.7%–99.9%). Over 95% of newly diagnosed and out-of-care HIV-infected patients were linked to care. Conclusions Patients undergoing HIV testing in emergency departments and urgent care clinics may benefit from being simultaneously screened for acute HIV infection