Tree-mediated methane emissions from tropical and temperate peatlands

Methane production and transport processes in peatlands are fairly well understood, but growing evidence for emission of methane through trees has highlighted the need to revisit methane transport processes. In wetland trees, morphological adaptations such as development of hypertrophied lenticels, aerenchyma and adventitious roots in response to soil anoxia mediates gas transport, transporting both oxygen from the atmosphere to oxygen-deprived roots and soil-produced methane from the root-zone to the atmosphere. Although, tree-mediated methane emissions from temperate tree species have been confirmed, methane emissions from tropical tree species and processes that control tree-mediated methane emissions remain unclear. This study explains the role of trees in transporting soil-produced methane to the atmosphere and uncovers the principal mechanisms of tree-mediated methane emissions. Methane emissions from eight tropical tree species and two temperate tree species were studied in situ. The mechanisms and controls on tree-mediated methane emissions were investigated using three year old common alder (Alnus glutinosa; 50 trees) grown under two artificially controlled water-table positions. Methane fluxes from whole mesocosms, the soil surface and tree stems were measured using static closed chambers. Both temperate and tropical tree species released significant quantities of methane, with tropical trees dominating ecosystem level methane fluxes. In temperate peatlands, both the methane gas transport mechanism and quantity of methane emitted from stems is tree-species dependent. In Alnus glutinosa, no correlations were observed between stomatal behaviour and tree-mediated methane emissions, however, stem methane emissions were positively correlated with both stem lenticel density and dissolved soil methane concentration. In Alnus glutinosa, no emissions were observed from leaf surfaces. The results demonstrate that exclusion of tree-mediated methane emissions from flux measurement campaigns in forested peatlands will lead to an underestimation of ecosystem-wide methane emissions

Large emissions from floodplain trees close the Amazon methane budget

Wetlands are the largest global source of atmospheric methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas. However, methane emission inventories from the Amazon floodplain, the largest natural geographic source of CH4 in the tropics, consistently underestimate the atmospheric burden of CH4 determined via remote sensing and inversion modelling, pointing to a major gap in our understanding of the contribution of these ecosystems to CH4 emissions. Here we report CH4 fluxes from the stems of 2,357 individual Amazonian floodplain trees from 13 locations across the central Amazon basin. We find that escape of soil gas through wetland trees is the dominant source of regional CH4 emissions. Methane fluxes from Amazon tree stems were up to 200 times larger than emissions reported for temperate wet forests6 and tropical peat swamp forests, representing the largest non-ebullitive wetland fluxes observed. Emissions from trees had an average stable carbon isotope value (δ13C) of −66.2 ± 6.4 per mil, consistent with a soil biogenic origin. We estimate that floodplain trees emit 15.1 ± 1.8 to 21.2 ± 2.5 teragrams of CH4 a year, in addition to the 20.5 ± 5.3 teragrams a year emitted regionally from other sources. Furthermore, we provide a ‘top-down’ regional estimate of CH4 emissions of 42.7 ± 5.6 teragrams of CH4 a year for the Amazon basin, based on regular vertical lower-troposphere CH4 profiles covering the period 2010–2013. We find close agreement between our ‘top-down’ and combined ‘bottom-up’ estimates, indicating that large CH4 emissions from trees adapted to permanent or seasonal inundation can account for the emission source that is required to close the Amazon CH4 budget. Our findings demonstrate the importance of tree stem surfaces in mediating approximately half of all wetland CH4 emissions in the Amazon floodplain, a region that represents up to one-third of the global wetland CH4 source when trees are combined with other emission sources

Desain Dan Pengujian Kinerja Kompor Gasifikasi-pirolisis

This paper deals with the design and performance test of pyrolysis burning stoves that produce energy for cooking and biochar. The stove consists of two section chambers, namelycombustion chamber that produces activation heat for pyrolysis process and energy for cooking, andpyrolysis chamber that produces biochar and volatile matter (syngas and tar in gas form). Volatile matter product was introduced to the combustion chamber in addition to the biomass there and replaces biomass fuel gradually to produce energy for cooking and keeping the continuous pyrolysis process (autothermal). Methode used for performance test: direct observations/measurements and Water Boilling Test (WBT). Result of performance test: the autothermal process was going well until resulting a 100% biochar for most of the biomass used. Thermal efficiency of the stove was 11.3% (before pyrolysis) and 14.72% (after pyrolysis), excluding heat to produce biochar. Time needed to boil a 5 L water was 12 minutes before pyrolysis and 6 minutes after pyrolysis. Output power ranges from 9.60 kW to 23.16 kW. The maximum temperature reached 868 °C at the pan and 860oC in combustion chamber.Input biomass capacity depending on the type of feedstock ranging from 1200 - 3000 g/process, resulting in 507-900 g biochar/process, to give biochar ratio to raw materials from 23.0% to 44.8%. All maximum conditions occurs when volatilematters produced from pyrolysis process were burned, which showed that burning volatile matters is better than burning solid biomass directly.The amount of biochar produced by this stove was three times higher compared to anila stove, with less of smoke during the biochar production

Methane Emissions From Wetland Trees: Controls and Variability

Methane (CH4) produced in wetland soil generally is thought to be released to the atmosphere primarily via diffusion, ebullition and transport through aerenchyma of herbaceous plants adapted to waterlogged soils. The role of trees as a conduit for CH4 export from soil to the atmosphere has received limited attention despite laboratory studies of saplings demonstrating that wetland trees have a significant capacity to transport soil-produced CH4 to the atmosphere. In order to investigate the role of trees in transporting soil-produced CH4 to the atmosphere and assess its ecosystem contributions, tree-mediated CH4 flux was measured in situ from a temperate forested wetland (Flitwick Moor, UK) dominated by Alnus glutinosa and Betula pubescens and from a tropical forested wetland (Borneo, Indonesia). Mesocosm experiments complemented in situ data, in which CH4 emissions were measured from Alnus glutinosa saplings subjected to two water-table treatments. In both the in situ and mesocosm studies, CH4 emissions from trees were compared to CH4 emissions from the soil surfaces. Both temperate and tropical tree species released significant quantities of CH4 from stem surfaces throughout the observation period. In Alnus glutinosa, CH4 emissions from leaf surfaces were not detected and stem surfaces were the principle point of CH4 egress. Stem-CU4 emissions from both Alnus glutinosa and Betula pubescens were less sensitive to small changes in water-table variations when compared to CH4 emissions from soil surfaces, however, the quantity, temporal variability and CH4 transport mechanisms differed between the two tree species. Stem-CH4 emissions were controlled by a number of factors including tree physiology, abiotic factors and gas transport mechanisms. Wetland trees contributed significantly to ecosystem CH4 flux (6-87%), with tropical trees dominating ecosystem level CH4 fluxes. The results demonstrate that exclusion of tree-mediated CH4 emissions from flux measurement campaigns conducted in forested wetlands can significantly underestimate ecosystem-wide CH4 flux

Tinjauan Hukum Islam tentang Keberadaan Lokalisasi Pekerja Seks Komersial dan Pengaruhya terhadap Prilaku Remaja (Studi di Km 10 Loa Janan Kutai Kartanegara)

Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah Masa remaja merupakan masa yang penting, karena masa ini merupakan masa peralihan, masa mencari jati diri, masa di mana individu menginginkan kebebasan, mencoba sesuatu yang baru, dan mudah terpengaruh, atau disebut dengan masa yang labil. Dengan adanya lokalisasi KM 10 Loa Janan yang Letak awalnya jauh dari lingkungan Masyarakat sekarang sudah berubah berdampingan dengan rumah penduduk, maka tidak menutup kemungkinan akan memberikan dampak moral untuk remaja yang tinggal di lingkungan sekitar lokalisasi.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui status hukum perizinan lokalisasi Km 10 Loa Janan serta bagaimana Hukum Islam Memandang Keberadaan Lokalisasi Pekerja seks Komersial dan mengetahui dampak bagi remaja terhadap Keberadaan Loakalisasi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Normatif-Empiris, dengan metode kualitatif dan jenis deskriptif, yaitu jenis penelitian yang berusaha menggambarkan dan menjabarkan gejala-gejala yang terjadi dalam lokalisasi komplek pekerja seks komersia (PSK) di Desa Purwajaya Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara meliputi pencarian data dan analisis data. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara library research dan field work research yaitu observasi, wawancara langsung dengan responden dan penelitian arsip-arsip serta dokumen yang ada pada kantor Desa Purwajaya. Sumber data diperoleh dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dan accidental sampling. Hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa lokalisasi merupakan tempat aktifitas prostitusi. Prostitusi di Indonesia dilarang di atur dalam KUHP yakni Pasal 295, Pasal 296, Pasal 297, Pasal 506, dan Pasal 284 yang bisa digunakan untuk kasus tertentu. Adapaun adanya dampak bagi remaja yang di timbulkan dari adanya lokalisasi Km10 yaitu berdampak terhadap Moral remaja, berdampak terhadap perkembangan sosial dan Psikologinya. Dalam Hukum Islam Prostitusi merupakan dosa besar sehingga tindakan prostitusi dilarang, larangan tersebut tercantum dalam Al-Quran surah Al-Isra '17: 32. Q.S An-Nisa; 24:33, QS An-Nur 24 : 2. Hukuman bagi para pelaku prostitusi dalam hukum islam yaitu Jilid dan rajam

Trees are important conduits for emission of methane from temperate and tropical wetlands

Methane produced in wetland soil generally is thought to be emitted to the atmosphere primarily via diffusion through pore water, release of gas bubbles (i.e., ebullition), and gas phase diffusion through the aerenchyma of herbaceous plants. The role of trees as a conduit for methane export from soil to the atmosphere has received limited attention despite evidence from mesocosm experiments showing that seedlings and saplings of wetland trees have a significant capacity to transport soil-produced gases. Notably ~60% of global wetlands are forested. We present in situ measurements of methane flux from a temperate carr (swamp) composed of alder (Alnus glutinosa) and birch (Betula pubescens) situated in the United Kingdom and a tropical forested peat swamp located in Borneo. The in situ data are complemented by a mesocosm experiment in which methane emissions were measured from alder saplings subjected to two water-regime treatments. In both the in situ and mesocosm studies, emissions from trees are compared to methane flux from the ground surface, the latter occurring via pore water diffusion, ebullition or the aerenchyma of herbaceous plants. We show that tree stem emissions are controlled by a number of factors including tree species, soil pore-water concentration and stem lenticel density. Our results demonstrate that the omission of tree-mediated methane fluxes from measurement campaigns conducted in forested wetland can significantly underestimate total ecosystem flux of methane

ANALISIS PENERAPAN PSAK NO. 72 PADA PT YONDA SEJAHTERA MANADO: Analysis Of The Application Of PSAK No. 72 At PT Yonda Sejahtera Manado

Pendapatan merupakan salah satu komponen dalam laporan laba rugi suatu perusahaan sehingga pendapatan harus diukur secara wajar sesuai dengan prinsip pengakuan pendapatan. Merupakan hal yang penting jika pengakuan dan pengukuran pendapatan dari perusahaan menggunakan suatu standar sebagai acuan, dalam hal ini Standar Akuntansi Keuangan (SAK), khususnya dengan Standar baru yang berlaku efektif pada 1 Januari 2020 yang lalu yaitu PSAK Nomor 72 tentang Pengakuan Pendapatan Dari Kontrak Dengan Pelanggan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan PSAK No. 72 pada PT Yonda Sejahtera Manado yang merupakan objek penelitian skripsi ini. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian skripsi ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh bahwa PT Yonda Sejahtera Manado dalam penerapan PSAK No. 72 belum sepenuhnya sesuai karena perusahaan belum sepenuhnya menerapkan 5 model langkah dalam mengakui dan mengukur pendapatan

Efek Pemberian Pupuk Organik Cair Berbasis Kulit Buah (Eco Enzyme) terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Pakcoy (Brassica chinensis L.)

Household organic waste can be used as material for organic fertilizer for supporting urban farming activities. Organic fertilizer is beneficial as an effort to reduce waste’s negative impact to environment, and to minimize the use of chemical fertilizers. This research aimed to study the macro nutrient content of fruit peel based-liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) and its effect on the growth of Pakcoy (Brassica chinensis L.). Several fruit peels from household organic waste such as banana, mango, orange, dragon fruit, and papaya peels were used as material for LOF preparation. The research was conducted with completely randomized design (CRD) method with 5 treatments and 5 replications, namely the K- (without fertilizer, only water), K+ (0.2 mL commercial LOF), P1 (0.1 mL fruit peel based-LOF), P2 (0.2 mL fruit peel based-LOF) and P3 (0.4 mL fruit peel based- LOF) for 56 days of observation. The obtained data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results showed that macro nutrients of fruit peel based LOF did not yet meet the quality standards set by the Ministry of Agriculture, and the dose of 0,4 ml fruit peels based-LOF showed the best effect to support the growth of the Pakcoy plant in all Pakcoy growth parameters. Keywords: Fruit Peels, eco enzyme, macro-nutrients, pakco

USAHA PENJUALAN ONLINE

USAHA PENJUALAN ONLIN

Root exudate analogues accelerate CO 2 and CH 4 production in tropical peat

Root exudates represent a large and labile carbon input in tropical peatlands, but their contribution to carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) production remains poorly understood. Changes in species composition and productivity of peatland plant communities in response to global change could alter both inputs of exudates and associated greenhouse gas emissions. We used manipulative laboratory incubations to assess the extent to which root exudate quantity and chemical composition drives greenhouse gas emissions from tropical peatlands. Peat was sampled from beneath canopy palms (Raphia taedigera) and broadleaved evergreen trees (Campnosperma panamensis) in an ombrotrophic wetland in Panama. Root exudate analogues comprising a mixture of sugars and organic acids were added in solution to peats derived from both species, with CO2 and CH4 measured over time. CO2 and CH4 production increased under most treatments, but the magnitude and duration of the response depended on the composition of the added labile carbon mixture rather than the quantity of carbon added or the botanical origin of the peat. Treatments containing organic acids increased soil pH and altered other soil properties including redox potential but did not affect the activities of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes. CO2 but not CH4 production was found to be linearly related to microbial activity and redox potential. Our findings demonstrate the importance of root exudate composition in regulating greenhouse gas fluxes and propose that in situ plant species changes, particularly those associated with land use change, may account for small scale spatial variation in CO2 and CH4 fluxes due to species specific root exudate compositions