Panoramic radiographic study of mental foramen in selected dravidians of south Indian population: a hospital based study

Background: This study aimed at documenting information on appearance, size, horizontal and vertical locations of Mental Foramen (MF) in Panoramic Radiograph. We also analyzed the age and gender differences with radiographic appearance and location of MF. We evaluated these findings in our population and co-relate with results of previous studies. Material and Methods: 1662 panoramic radiographs were evaluated, of which 245 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Each radiograph was traced to record the horizontal and vertical locations. The size of MF was recorded using digital caliper and its appearance was determined by visual examination. Chi-square and t-test were employed. Results: The most common appearance of MF was continuous type and the tests showed significant difference with age and gender. The most frequent horizontal location of MF was “location c” with no statistical significant difference with age and gender. The MF was most commonly positioned mesially in relation to the apex of second premolar with no significant differences with gender. The vertical location of the foramen varied drastically with no statistical significant difference in both sides. The difference in dimensions on the left and right sides were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Determining the morphological appearance and positional variation of MF is important for isolation of mental nerves and vessels when administering local anesthesia and performing surgeries. We therefore stress the importance of accurate radiographic identification of MF and interpretation. Our research findings can be used as reference material by the dental practitioners of South India while performing clinical procedures that involve MF

Analytical and finite element modeling of a machining system to minimize inaccuracy in milling and using rapid prototyping for die manufacturing

The end milling process is used extensively in a gamut of manufacturing areas. It accounts for up to 40% of the cost of fabrication of non-electrical parts for a high performance aircraft. This economically justifies the effort to find ways to reduce inaccuracy caused in milling by workpiece deformation, fixture deflection and cutter deflection to improve the quality of parts. The process is also used extensively for roughing and finishing of dies. However, the conventional die manufacturing process, which uses the milling process, is too time consuming because of the extensive CNC programming involved. Furthermore skilled labor required for CNC programming accounts for the high cost of die manufacturing. Therefore new processes need to be developed that will eliminate CNC programming and possibly reduce the usage of the milling process thereby reducing the cost and time required to produce parts;An analytical non-linear optimization model has been developed which can determine the maximum inaccuracy due to workpiece deformation and the optimal clamping forces that are required to minimize work piece deformation while ensuring that the workpiece will not slip during machining. However, this model assumes rigid fixturing elements and is only suitable for simple workpiece shapes;A finite element model and a simple novel algorithm has been developed which has the same objective as the analytical non-linear optimization model. This model can be used for any complex shaped workpiece or fixture. The model also takes into account the flexibility of fixtures;Inaccuracy in machining is also caused by deflection of the tool. A study of the deflection of a milling cutter due to the action of the cutting forces was performed. An analytical equation was developed to determine the deflection of an end mill under a cutting force. The equation was verified by modeling the complete geometry of a four flute milling cutter using the finite element analysis module of I-DEAS software. The deflections obtained by the finite element model were exactly the same as those obtained by using the analytical equation. Previous researchers modeled the milling cutter as a simple cylinder which resulted in some error in the result;Three die manufacturing processes are proposed, namely, the casting prototype process, the EDM milling process and the copy milling process. All three processes use rapid prototyping to eliminate costly and time consuming CNC programming. All the three processes are economical compared to conventional processes provided there are large number of surfaces on the part. If the part has very few surfaces the conventional process will require less time for CNC programming making it more efficient. The Casting prototype process does not use milling whereas the EDM milling uses milling for rough machining. These two process would minimize inaccuracy in parts by eliminating milling or using milling to remove the rough stock only. The copy milling process uses milling but the models developed here can be used to minimize error in this process. All three processes have the additional advantage that they are more time efficient and economical than the conventional process of making dies

Study of plasma fibrinogen level and its relation to glycemic control in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients attending diabetes clinic at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Madhya Pradesh, India

Background: Diabetes mellitus comprises a group of common metabolic disorders where increased fibrinogen levels can act as a thrombogenic factor. Diabetic patients have higher cardiovascular morbidity than non-diabetic subjects. Several studies have shown that haemostatic factor especially hyperfibrinogenemia is implicated as a source of atherosclerosis and its complications.Methods: A comparative observational study was conducted to compare fibrinogen levels between type 2 diabetes patients and healthy controls. Their fibrinogen levels were compared and co-related with glycemic status and other risk factors and parameters like glycosylated haemoglobin, age, sex, smoking, body mass index (kg/m2), hypertension and ischemic heart disease.Results: It was seen that in the diabetic subset, the plasma fibrinogen levels are significantly higher than the non-diabetic subset (386.04±132.87 vs. 314.38±97.42; p<0.001). Our study re-established correlation between HbA1c and fibrinogen levels of the diabetic patient is positive i.e., poorer the glycemic status, higher the fibrinogen levels (r=0.24).Conclusions: It can be concluded from the study that fibrinogen levels are in­creased in type 2 diabetic subjects with and without CHD. Plasma fibrinogen levels usually increased in type 2 diabetes, thus suggesting that hyperfibrinogenemia could contribute to the excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in this disease

Design and implementation of the integer unit datapath of the MAP cluster of the M-machine

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1996.Includes bibliographical references (p. 171).by Parag Gupta.M.Eng

Exploring the dynamics of convection-driven dynamos in rotating spherical shells

This thesis explores the dynamics of convection-driven dynamos in rotating spherical shells through three detailed studies. The first study investigates the relative importance of helicity and cross-helicity electromotive dynamo effects for the self-sustained generation of magnetic fields by chaotic thermal convection in rotating spherical shells as a function of shell thickness. Direct numerical simulations reveal two distinct branches of dynamo solutions coexisting for shell aspect ratios between 0.25 and 0.6: a mean-field dipolar regime and a fluctuating dipolar regime. The study compares and contrasts the properties of these coexisting dynamo attractors, including differences in temporal behavior and the spatial structures of both magnetic fields and rotating thermal convection. In the fluctuating dipolar regime, the helicity a-effect and the cross-helicity g-effect are found to be of comparable intensity, with their ratio remaining relatively constant across different shell thicknesses. Conversely, in the mean-field dipolar regime, the helicity a-effect is dominant, exceeding the cross-helicity g-effect by approximately two orders of magnitude, and its strength increases as the shell thickness decreases. The second study focuses on the importance of global magnetic helicity in self-consistent spherical dynamos. Magnetic helicity serves as a fundamental constraint in both ideal and resistive magnetohydrodynamics, offering crucial insights into the internal dynamics of dynamo processes that generate global magnetic fields on celestial bodies like the Sun and stars. This study investigates the behavior of global relative magnetic helicity through three self-consistent spherical dynamo solutions of increasing complexity. Magnetic helicity describes the global linkage between poloidal and toroidal magnetic fields weighted by magnetic flux. Our findings reveal distinct preferred states of this linkage, suggesting that global magnetic field reversals may act to preserve this preferred state. Specifically, when either the poloidal or toroidal field alone undergoes reversal, the preferred linkage state is disrupted. We demonstrate that magnetic helicity serves as a predictive indicator for the onset of these reversals, potentially observable at the outer surface of celestial bodies. The third study investigates differential rotation in convecting spherical shells with nonuniform viscosity and entropy diffusivity. Current three-dimensional, physics-based simulations of the solar convection zone show significant discrepancies when compared to observations. These simulations present differential rotation patterns that are notably different from those inferred by solar helioseismology and display convective "Busse" columns that are absent in actual observations. To address this "convection conundrum," we employ a three-dimensional pseudospectral simulation code to explore the impact of radially non-uniform viscosity and entropy diffusivity on differential rotation and convective flow patterns in density-stratified, rotating spherical fluid shells. Our findings indicate that radial non-uniformity in fluid properties enhances polar convection, which creates significant lateral entropy gradients, leading to substantial deviations from differential rotation geostrophy due to thermal wind balance. We demonstrate simulations where this mechanism sustains differential rotation patterns closely resembling the true solar profile outside the tangent cylinder, although some discrepancies persist at high latitudes. This is particularly important as differential rotation is crucial for sustaining solar-like cyclic dipolar dynamos. This thesis uncovers new insights into how magnetic fields are created and sustained in rotating spherical fluid shells, revealing the intricate relationships between fluid dynamics, magnetic fields, and convective motions. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of solar, stellar, and geomagnetic dynamo mechanisms, with implications for advancing research in both astrophysics and geophysics

Panoramic radiographic study of mental foramen in South Indian population

[Extract] Introduction: The accurate identification of location of Mental Foramen(MF) is important for both diagnostic and clinical procedures. •The mental bundle could be traumatized during periapical/orthognathic surgeries/implant placement resulting in paresthesia or anesthesia. •The MF has been reported to vary in its appearance, size and locations in different population groups •With a thorough literature search and to the best of our knowledge, till date, there has been no such study representing the Dravidian group of people in South India

CAPTURE SHORTCUTS FOR SMART GLASSES USING ELECTROMYOGRAPHY

Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to capture shortcuts on smart glasses using electromyography (EMG). Some implementations can detect certain gestures using a wearable EMG, such as an EMG band or other smart device incorporating an EMG sensor. Some implementations can map these gestures to content captured on the smart glasses, such as image capture or video capture. For example, a user can make a clicking (i.e., air tap ) motion with his fingers to take a picture using the smart glasses. In some implementations, the user can perform different actions for different types of capture, such as finger snapping once to take a picture, or finger snapping twice to take a video

Novotvorina na vjeđi bijelog tigra (Panthera tigris) - prikaz slučaja.

An 18-year-old captive white tiger (Panthera tigris) was evaluated for a progressive growth on the lower eyelid that showed ulceration and mucoid to purulent discharge. The growth was surgically excised and histopathological examination revealed a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The growth however showed recurrence at 28 days after excision. Further management was done employing 2 stage chemotherapy using cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg) with different regimens. The blood profile, food intake and general health of the animal showed improvement after first course of chemotherapy though it was not evident after second chemotherapy. The animal survived for three months following second course of chemotherapy. Post mortem findings revealed metastasis in lungs, liver and lymph nodes. The present case is an attempt to document squamous cell carcinoma in a white tiger.Bijeli tigar (Panthera tigris) držan u zatočeništvu, u dobi od 18 godina, pretražen je zbog progresivne izrasline na lijevoj vjeđi na kojoj je ujedno zapažena ulceracija i sluzavi do gnojni iscjedak. Izraslina je bila kirurški uklonjena, a patohistološkom pretragom dijagnosticiran je karcinom skvamoznih stanica. Izraslina je recidivirala 28 dana nakon odstranjivanja. Daljnje liječenje sastojalo se od dvije kure kemoterapije ciklofosfamidom (50 mg/kg) s različitim protokolom. Krvna slika, uzimanje hrane i opće zdravstveno stanje životinje poboljšalo se nakon prvog postupka kemoterapije. Poboljšanje nije bilo primijećeno nakon druge kure kemoterapije. Životinja je živjela još tri mjeseca nakon druge kure kemoterapije. Post mortem su bile dokazane metastaze u plućima, jetri i limfnim čvorovima