Pelagic Sharks in the Indian Seas their Exploitation, Trade, Management and Conservation

Sharks are generally large, cold blooded, cartilaginous fishes, which are fast swimming, known for their numerous sharp teeth, distinctive dorsal fin and skill in locating underwater prey. They are members of elasmobranchs that live the same way they did more than 200 million years ago. Sharks belong to the class Chondrichthys and the subclass Elasmobranchii. The estimated 375 species are divided into 8 Orders emd 30 families. They range in size from the dwarf dog-fish (Family: Squalidae], (less than 20 cm in length) to the massive whale shark (Family: Rhiniodontidae), which reaches a length of more than 12m. Most sharks inhabit tropical or temperate marine waters, but some species have been found in freshwater lakes and polar seas. Depending on the species, sharks inhabit either shallow or coastal waters or the open ocean and some species, such as slxgill shark (Hexanchus grisens) live at depths of more than 1800 m. Pelagic sharks Eire characterised by the absence of spiracles when compared to the bottom-dwelling sharks, which may posess them to breath easier while in the benthic realms. Sharks are generally large, cold blooded, cartilaginous fishes, which are fast swimming, known for their numerous sharp teeth, distinctive dorsal fin and skill in locating underwater prey. They are members of elasmobranchs that live the same way they did more than 200 million years ago. Sharks belong to the class Chondrichthys and the subclass Elasmobranchii. The estimated 375 species are divided into 8 Orders emd 30 families. They range in size from the dwarf dog-fish (Family: Squalidae], (less than 20 cm in length) to the massive whale shark (Family: Rhiniodontidae), which reaches a length of more than 12m. Most sharks inhabit tropical or temperate marine waters, but some species have been found in freshwater lakes and polar seas. Depending on the species, sharks inhabit either shallow or coastal waters or the open ocean and some species, such as slxgill shark (Hexanchus grisens) live at depths of more than 1800 m. Pelagic sharks Eire characterised by the absence of spiracles when compared to the bottom-dwelling sharks, which may posess them to breath easier while in the benthic realms

Digital piracy

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt das Thema Digitale Piraterie von Musik und Filmen im Internet aus einer gesamtheitlichen Sicht. Dies umfasst die soziale, technische, rechtliche als auch ökonomische Perspektive, wobei der Fokus auf letztere liegt. Die Gründe für das unrechtmäßige Herunterladen von urheberrechtlich geschützten Inhalten und die Etablierung dieses Verhaltens als ein weltweit verbreitetes Massenphänomen bildet den Schwerpunkt des Kapitels, das die soziale Perspektive dieser Thematik behandelt. Die technische Perspektive liefert nicht nur einen Einblick in DRM Systemen (Systeme zur digitalen Rechteverwaltung) sondern erörtert zudem Systeme, mit deren Hilfe Piraterie überhaupt betrieben wird. Jede Auseinandersetzung mit einer Thematik die über Recht und Unrecht Aussagen trifft benötigt als Rahmen eine Erörterung der hierfür zugrundeliegenden Gesetze. Diese wird im Kapitel "Rechtliche Perspektive" abgehandelt. Im Hauptteil der Arbeit wird zunächst die gegenwärtige Struktur und Vorgehensweise der Musik und Filmindustrie erörtert. Danach wird ein Rahmenkonzept für zukünftige, an die technologischen Fortschritte und Wünsche der modernen Kunden angepasste Geschäftsmodelle geschaffen. Aus diesem Konzept heraus werden insgesamt sieben Geschäftsmodelle präsentiert. Auf die ersten drei Modelle wird hierbei der nähere Fokus gelegt, da sie den gesamten Markt betreffen. Die restlichen vier Modelle sind als Nischenprodukte angedacht, die für einen bestimmten Teil des Marktes interessant sein werden. Abschließend folgen ein Fazit und eine allgemeine Empfehlung an die Musik und Filmindustrie.This master thesis deals with the issue of digital piracy of music and film in the internet from a broad perspective. This includes the social, technical, legal and economic perspective with a focus on the latter. The emphasis of the chapter dealing with social issue lies on the reasons for illegitimate download of copyrighted material and the establishment of this behaviour as a worldwide phenomenon. The technical perspective not only delivers an insight into DRM (digital rights management) systems, but also looks into systems which are used to pirate in the first place. When dealing with a topic about rightful and unlawful behaviour then it is inevitable to look into laws and policies regulating these issues. This will be done in the chapter dealing with the legal perspective. The main focus of this work lies with the economic perspective. This chapter will begin with an analysis of the current structure and practise of the music and the film industry. Later on a framework will be created to derive innovative business models more fitting to the technological developments of recent times and the requirements of modern customers. Out of seven business models presented, the first three will be looked up in detail since they are meant to be adapted to the whole market, whereas the other four models suit only certain segments of the market. Finally the thesis finishes with a conclusion and a general recommendation for the music and film industry

Economic Returns from Social and Political Globalization: Does Signaling Help Developing and Transition Countries to Attract Foreign Direct Investment?

I examine whether a developing or transition country’s political and social engagement in the international system – labeled as a country’s political and social globalization – has a positive infl uence on its ability to attract foreign direct investments (FDI), and hence, on the amount of FDI that it receives. My research is motivated by insights from signaling theory, which posits that actors provide information about themselves through signals in situations where the underlying quality or nature of such actors is less than perfectly discernible. A high degree of political and social globalization can potentially serve as a positive signal to foreign investors that a country is “invested” in the international system, global society, and in the larger global political economy, thereby lowering the perceived risk of investing in this country. As part of the empirical analysis, I undertake multivariate regressions using panel data on more than 100 developing and transition countries. The results show that both political and social globalization lower the perceived country risk in terms of attracting FDI. While social globalization helps attract FDI through both strategic and non-strategic signaling, the same is true for political globalization only with strategic signaling and not with non-strategic signaling. Given the importance of FDI to growth and development, the fi ndings of this study can particularly inform policymakers in developing and transition countries

Integrating Early Intervention into the Daily Routine of Family Life

Background: Striking a balance between work and family care is a challenge for families today. More than 200,000 families in Canada have the additional demands that come with caring for a child with disability including implementing therapist-recommended goals and home programs. Aim: Underpinned by ecocultural theory, this study investigated 1) how parents juggle the demands of the daily routine, including early intervention (EI) and 2) the factors that influence the implementation of EI by parents Method: This study employed a narrative approach. Data were collected through in-depth narrative interviews with 12 families and a narrative and thematic analysis was completed. Results: Parents described accommodations, strategies, and trade-offs they made to fit intervention into their daily routines and to maneuver through the health and educational systems. Conclusion: Implementing EI can have significant personal and family costs. Careful assessment and consideration of family routines and stories is necessary for successful interventions

Antitrust Legislative Action Against Big Tech: Lessons from Arlen Specter’s Antitrust Campaign Against American Sports Leagues

A growing concern in U.S. antitrust circles has been the set of challenges posed by Big Tech—large technology and internet firms such as Google, Apple, Facebook, and Amazon (GAFA)—to market competition, consumer choice, and consumer welfare. In recent years, U.S. lawmakers proposed new legislation to address the threats posed by the quickly and vastly increasing dominance of GAFA. The ensuing stand-off between Congress and Big Tech draws a parallel with the historic antitrust tussles that Congress, and especially the late Senator Arlen Specter, had with organized baseball because of a unique exemption from antitrust challenges that baseball received from the U.S. Supreme Court in 1922. Given that historical antitrust precedent, this paper examines and advances lessons that are obtained for antitrust action against Big Tech from the antitrust history with the sports industry

Therapeutic drug monitoring in perianal fistulizing Crohn\u27s disease

Perianal fistulas are a common complication of Crohn\u27s disease (CD) that has, historically, been challenging to manage. Despite the strong available evidence that anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents are useful in the treatment of perianal fistulizing Crohn\u27s disease (PFCD), a significant number of these patients do not respond to therapy. The use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in patients with CD receiving biologic agents has evolved and is currently positioned as an important tool to optimize and guide biologic treatment. Considering the treatment of PFCD can represent a challenge; identifying novel tools to improve the efficacy of current treatments is an important unmet need. Given its emerging role in other phenotypes of Crohn\u27s disease, the use of TDM could also offer an opportunity to enhance the effectiveness of available therapies and improve outcomes in the subset of patients with PFCD receiving biologics. Overall, there is mounting evidence that higher anti-TNF drug levels are associated with better rates of fistula healing . However, studies have been limited by their use of subjective outcomes and observational designs. Ultimately, further interventional, randomized controlled trials looking into the relationship between drug exposure and fistula outcomes are needed