Analisis Kesalahan Kalimat pada Karangan Berbahasa Indonesia Mahasiswa di Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi dan mendeskripsikan jenis-jenis kesalahan kalimat yang meliputi:(1) kesalahan diksi, (2) kesalahan frase, (3) kesalahan konjungsi, dan (4) kesalahan preposisi. Manfaat dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) menambah referensi bagi para dosen JNU, (2) sebagai bahan pertimbangan dalam membimbing mahasiswa JNU, dan (3) menambah referensi dan sumber belajar bagi mahasiswa JNU. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Sumber data penelitian ini berupa 9 karangan dari mahasiswa Universitas Jawaharlal Nehru New Delhi (JNU), India tahun pelajaran 2012/2013. Data penelitian berupa satuan-satuan ungkapan kalimat yang muncul dalam 9 karangan tersebut. Pengumpulan data menggunakan tes tertulis yaitu mahasiswa diminta membuat karangan dengan pilihan tema yang telah ditentukan dan harus dikerjakan di dalam kelas. Hasil analisis kesalahan kalimat yang telah diuraikan dalam bab sebelumnya menemukan kesalahan diksi, frasa, preposisi dan konjungsi pada karangan yang dibuat oleh mahasiswa Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) New Delhi India semester 1 dan 2 tahun pelajaran 2012/2013. Jumlah kesalahan diksi mencapai 61.8% dari seluruh kesalahan kalimat yang ditentukan, sekaligus sebagai kesalahan yang paling banyak terjadi. Alasan mendasar yang menjadi faktor utama adalah penguasaan kata baku yang kurang sehingga pembelajar mengalami kesulitan dalam memilih diksi yang tepat ataupun bervariasi. Kesalahan kalimat terbesar berikutnya adalah frasa sebanyak 23.6%. Fenomena ini memiliki keterkaitan dengan kemampuan penguasaan kata baku sebagai penyebab utama. Selanjutnya adalah kesalahan konjungsi, yakni sebanyak 10,7%.Hal ini dikarenakan kurangnya pemahaman penguasaan konjungsi. Kesalahan yang paling sedikit adalah kesalahanpreposisi sebanyak 3.9%, yang menunjukkan bahwa tingkat penguasaan preposisi adalah unsur dalam kalimat yang paling mudah dipahami. Dengan demikian, dapat diketahui dan disimpulkan bahwa orientasi yang ditemukan di lapangan selama penelitian ini dilakukan menunjukan, penguasaan kata baku menjadi salah satu faktor kunci penguasaan kalimat. Banyak kesalahan kalimat berkaitan dengan kata baku yang kurang tepat. Untuk mengatasi hal ini sangat disarankan bagi mahasiswa jurusan bahasa Indonesia untuk membangun komunitas dengan mahasiswa dari Indonesia yang sedang belajar di JNU, bila kondisi memungkinkan akan lebih baik berkunjung ke Indonesia selama satu atau dua bulan. Hal ini dapat dilakukan melalui program pertukaran mahasiswa atau program sejenis

Atomistic Mechanism of the Nucleation of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite from Solution

In the ongoing intense quest to increase the photoconversion efficiencies of lead halide perovskites, it has become evident that optimizing the morphology of the material is essential to achieve high peformance. Despite the fact that nucleation plays a key role in controlling the crystal morphology, very little is known about the nucleation and crystal growth processes. Here, we perform metadynamics simulations of nucleation of methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPI) in order to unravel the atomistic details of perovskite crystallization from a $\gamma$-butyrolactone solution. The metadynamics trajectories show that the nucleation process takes place in several stages. Initially, dense amorphous clusters mainly consisting of lead and iodide appear from the homogeneous solution. These clusters evolve into lead iodide (PbI$_{2}$) like structures. Subsequently, methylammonium (MA$^{+}$) ions diffuse into this PbI$_{2}$-like aggregates triggering the transformation into a perovskite crystal through a solid-solid transformation. Demonstrating the crucial role of the monovalent cations in crystallization, our simulations provide key insights into the evolution of the perovskite microstructure which is essential to make high-quality perovskite based solar cells and optoelectronics

Analysis of a Cone-Based Distributed Topology Control Algorithm for Wireless Multi-hop Networks

The topology of a wireless multi-hop network can be controlled by varying the transmission power at each node. In this paper, we give a detailed analysis of a cone-based distributed topology control algorithm. This algorithm, introduced in [16], does not assume that nodes have GPS information available; rather it depends only on directional information. Roughly speaking, the basic idea of the algorithm is that a node $u$ transmits with the minimum power $p_{u,\alpha}$ required to ensure that in every cone of degree $\alpha$ around $u$, there is some node that $u$ can reach with power $p_{u,\alpha}$. We show that taking $\alpha = 5\pi/6$ is a necessary and sufficient condition to guarantee that network connectivity is preserved. More precisely, if there is a path from $s$ to $t$ when every node communicates at maximum power, then, if $\alpha <= 5\pi/6$, there is still a path in the smallest symmetric graph $G_\alpha$ containing all edges $(u,v)$ such that $u$ can communicate with $v$ using power $p_{u,\alpha}$. On the other hand, if $\alpha > 5\pi/6$, connectivity is not necessarily preserved. We also propose a set of optimizations that further reduce power consumption and prove that they retain network connectivity. Dynamic reconfiguration in the presence of failures and mobility is also discussed. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm and the optimizations.Comment: 10 page

MIMO channel capacity and configuration selection for switched parasitic antennas

MIMO systems offer a significant enhancement of data rate and channel capacity compared to traditional systems. But correlation degrades the system performance and puts a practical limit on the number of antennas that can be squeezed into portable wireless devices. Switched Parasitic Antennas (SPAs) is a possible solution especially where it is difficult to obtain enough signal decorrelation with conventional means. The covariance matrix represents the correlation present in the propagation channel and has significant impact on the MIMO channel capacity. The results of this work demonstrate a significant improvement in the MIMO channel capacity by using SPA with the knowledge of the covariance matrix for all pattern configurations. By employing the ‘Water-Pouring Algorithm’ (WPA) to modify the covariance matrix, the channel capacity is significantly improved as compared to traditional systems which just spread power equally among all the transmit antennas. A Condition Number (CN) is also proposed as a selection metric, to select the optimal pattern configuration for SPAs. CN is a channel quality indicator which represents the Eigen Value Spread (EVS) of the covariance matrix

RegPrecise web services interface: programmatic access to the transcriptional regulatory interactions in bacteria reconstructed by comparative genomics.

Web services application programming interface (API) was developed to provide a programmatic access to the regulatory interactions accumulated in the RegPrecise database (http://regprecise.lbl.gov), a core resource on transcriptional regulation for the microbial domain of the Department of Energy (DOE) Systems Biology Knowledgebase. RegPrecise captures and visualize regulogs, sets of genes controlled by orthologous regulators in several closely related bacterial genomes, that were reconstructed by comparative genomics. The current release of RegPrecise 2.0 includes &gt;1400 regulogs controlled either by protein transcription factors or by conserved ribonucleic acid regulatory motifs in &gt;250 genomes from 24 taxonomic groups of bacteria. The reference regulons accumulated in RegPrecise can serve as a basis for automatic annotation of regulatory interactions in newly sequenced genomes. The developed API provides an efficient access to the RegPrecise data by a comprehensive set of 14 web service resources. The RegPrecise web services API is freely accessible at http://regprecise.lbl.gov/RegPrecise/services.jsp with no login requirements

Size dependent solid-solid crystallization of halide perovskites

The efficiency and stability of halide perovskite-based solar cells and light-emitting diodes directly depend on the intricate dynamics of solid-solid crystallization[1-23]. In this study, we employ a multi-scale approach using random phase approximation, density functional theory, machine learning potentials, reduced charge force fields, and both enhanced sampling biased and brute-force unbiased molecular dynamics simulations to understand the solid-solid phase transitions in cesium lead iodide perovskite. Our simulations uncover that the direct phase transition from the non-perovskite to the perovskite involves the formation of stacked-faulted and low-dimensional intermediate structures. Through extensive large-scale all-atom simulations encompassing up to 650,000 atoms, we observe that solid-solid crystallization may require the formation of a sufficiently large critical nucleus to grow into a faceted perovskite crystal. Based on simulations, we determine that utilizing (100)-faceted seeded crystallization could offer a promising path for manufacturing high-performance and stable perovskite solar cells

High-Quality Draft Genome Sequence of Desulfovibrio carbinoliphilus FW-101-2B, an Organic Acid-Oxidizing Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium Isolated from Uranium(VI)-Contaminated Groundwater.

Desulfovibrio carbinoliphilus subsp. oakridgensis FW-101-2B is an anaerobic, organic acid/alcohol-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing δ-proteobacterium. FW-101-2B was isolated from contaminated groundwater at The Field Research Center at Oak Ridge National Lab after in situ stimulation for heavy metal-reducing conditions. The genome will help elucidate the metabolic potential of sulfate-reducing bacteria during uranium reduction

A phylogenomic gene cluster resource: the Phylogenetically Inferred Groups (PhIGs) database

BACKGROUND: We present here the PhIGs database, a phylogenomic resource for sequenced genomes. Although many methods exist for clustering gene families, very few attempt to create truly orthologous clusters sharing descent from a single ancestral gene across a range of evolutionary depths. Although these non-phylogenetic gene family clusters have been used broadly for gene annotation, errors are known to be introduced by the artifactual association of slowly evolving paralogs and lack of annotation for those more rapidly evolving. A full phylogenetic framework is necessary for accurate inference of function and for many studies that address pattern and mechanism of the evolution of the genome. The automated generation of evolutionary gene clusters, creation of gene trees, determination of orthology and paralogy relationships, and the correlation of this information with gene annotations, expression information, and genomic context is an important resource to the scientific community. DISCUSSION: The PhIGs database currently contains 23 completely sequenced genomes of fungi and metazoans, containing 409,653 genes that have been grouped into 42,645 gene clusters. Each gene cluster is built such that the gene sequence distances are consistent with the known organismal relationships and in so doing, maximizing the likelihood for the clusters to represent truly orthologous genes. The PhIGs website contains tools that allow the study of genes within their phylogenetic framework through keyword searches on annotations, such as GO and InterPro assignments, and sequence similarity searches by BLAST and HMM. In addition to displaying the evolutionary relationships of the genes in each cluster, the website also allows users to view the relative physical positions of homologous genes in specified sets of genomes. SUMMARY: Accurate analyses of genes and genomes can only be done within their full phylogenetic context. The PhIGs database and corresponding website address this problem for the scientific community. Our goal is to expand the content as more genomes are sequenced and use this framework to incorporate more analyses