Evaluation of soybean grain yield as influenced by soybean seeding rate and fomesafen herbicide

Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) herbicide has been extensively used on several herbicide tolerant crops in the United States since the introduction of the first commercially available genetically modified glyphosate-tolerant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed in 1996. The launch of commercially available glyphosate-tolerant corn (Zea mays L.) seed in 1998 provided farmers in Iowa and other states, where corn and soybean are primarily grown, the ability to apply glyphosate to every acre of these crops annually

“adapt a large part of the institution to the Navy’s special needs”: The Navy Japanese Language

The onset of World War II drove the American government to seek support from universities across the nation to educate officers in the service in the language and customs of Japan. The University of Colorado Boulder played a significant role in hosting the U.S. Navy Japanese Language School from 1942 to 1946, and in training officers in the Japanese language. Many of the school’s graduates contributed significantly to the war efforts. This article explores the origins and evolution of the Japanese Language School at CU Boulder, providing a historical overview of the factors behind the school’s formation and the actions of its organizer Commander Albert E. Hindmarsh. Rooted in primary and secondary sources, including those from the University of Colorado Boulder libraries archives, the article traces the school’s establishment in the context of the strained relations between the U.S. and Japan, and discusses the invaluable role of its graduates to the war effort. In addition to teaching the Japanese language, the school and its teachers played a critical role in fostering positive relationships with the locals and addressing stereotypes. Graduates, both men and women, forged careers in diverse fields, becoming ambassadors for Japanese culture and language. The legacy of the Boulder school lives on in the various Japanese language programs existing across the country and in the personal transformations of those involved

An Aura of Disbelief: Rape Mythology and Victim Blaming in the Legal Response to Disclosure of Sexual Violence

This research study focuses on sexual violence (SV) in Canada, which one in three women will experience during their lives. Yet, even though the prevalence of violence against women in Canada is so significant, only one in ten survivors will report their experience of SV to the criminal justice system (CJS). Previous literature has identified the limited number of reports to authorities in Canada as being related to rape mythology. Due to the influence of rape mythology, a notion of a “good versus bad victim” is often used to deem which survivors are innocent and credible versus responsible or blamed for their victimization. Canadian legal and feminist scholars, such as Melanie Randall (2010), Elizabeth Sheehy and Holly Johnson (2012), have maintained that survivors do not trust the CJS’s response because the CJS dismisses a majority of SV complainants as “unfounded,” meaning the responding officer believed the crime had not occurred. Using an intersectional feminist theoretical framework, this study investigates if rape myth acceptance and victim blaming play a role in the Canadian CJS’s response to disclosures of SV. Through semi-structured qualitative interviews with five SV professionals, participants discussed their interactions with the CJS and how they perceive the legal responses’ impact on survivors of SV. Participant’s stressed that CJS was not built to support survivors of SV nor the individuals’ most likely to experience violence, which was reflected through participants’ discussions around using the term, legal system or “prison industrial complex,” rather then CJS. The research findings highlight that the Canadian legal system has not provided justice or support for survivors of SV, but rather survivors’ credibility as a complainant has been measured against rape mythology and the construction of the “good or ideal victim.” This research study further argues that survivors who engage with the legal system are met with victim blame and self-blame, which has been represented through the prevalence of “unfounded” cases in SV crimes. The Canadian legal system needs to be changed and re-structured in order to provide support for survivors and to uphold a feminist and survivor-centered framework. But until that change occurs, the system will continue to cause harm and oppression against those most vulnerable to violence

Identification and characterization of volatile compounds in bovine plasma

Bovine plasma proteins (BPP) are an economical source of high quality proteins that enhance gel strength and improve the emulsion capacity of food systems. However, off-flavors in the spray-dried plasma often result in finished food products with an unacceptable flavor, limiting the use of BPP. The objectives of this research were to identify the source of the volatile compounds in plasma and to test the effects of antioxidant addition, processing conditions and storage time on the formation of volatile compounds. Heat and oxygen exposure during the spray drying process initiate lipid oxidation in BPP as there are few oxidation compounds in liquid plasma and a significant amount in the spray-dried plasma, with hexanal being the principal volatile compound identified. Antioxidants (TBHQ, PG, BHT, rosemary) were added to BPP concentrate prior to drying in either a gas-fired or electric spray drier. The plasma dried with a gas-fired drier showed a significant (p\u3c0.05) decrease in hexanal content compared with a control sample in the TBHQ, PG and BHT treatments while the rosemary treatment was not significant. Also, control samples from the electric drier had a significantly lower (p\u3c0.05) total volatile count than control samples from the gas drier. The effect of residence time (zero and 20 minutes) and storage time (zero and eight weeks) was studied on plasma samples dried in a gas-fired drier and treated with either TBHQ or a rosemary concentrate. Data showed that longer residence and storage times both significantly (p\u3c0.05) increased the amounts of hexanal produced in the spray-dried plasma. The spray drying process initiates lipid oxidation in BPP but the amount of volatiles formed can be reduced through the addition of antioxidants, use of an electric spray drier or by minimizing residence and storage times. All of these factors will help to reduce the formation of volatile flavor compounds and improve the quality of spray-dried BPP

Investigation of behavior of an embankment - final report

The Citadel building of the Salvation army, located at the north-west corner of Cheyenne Avenue and Easton Street in Tulsa, Oklahoma, has undergone severe structural damage since its construction in the late 1950's, from cracking of interior walls and movements of floor slabs, grade beams, and roof beams. During the period March, 1969, to July, 1970, a highway embankment about 25 ft high was constructed immediately to the north of the building, as part of a grade separation on I 244 over Cheyenne Avenue. It has been suggested that the structural damages may be attributable, at least in part, to the presence of the embankment. Seeking to establish the facts of the matter, the State of Oklahoma, Department of Highways contracted with the School of Civil Engineering at Oklahoma State University, under Project No. 71-02-03, to investigate behavior of the embankment and determine if a causal relationship existed between construction of the embankment and structural damage to the Salvation Army Citadel. The authors, acting repsectively as project director and principal investigator, undertook the investigation on July 1, 1971. Results of the investigation are contained herein.Final ReportN

Identifying learning needs of the institutionalized elderly

ii, 151 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.Global populations are aging and by the turn of the century elderly populations will have increased significantly. The United Nations predicts that by the year 2025 the elderly will constitute 25 percent of the global population (UN Chronicle, 1988). Specifically, the global population of people over 60 years of age was 380 million in 1980, is expected to rise to 610 million in the year 2000 and will reach an alarming billion plus by 2025 (UN chronicle, 1988). The UN Chronicle anticipates faster increases in the 80 plus age group with 34 million in 1980, 58 million in 2000 and 114 million in the year 2025. The Canadian population is not excluded in the United Nations predictions. Canadians are also growing older and grayer. The "graying of Canada" is a phrase frequently coined by the media, in the latter years of the past decade. It is predicted that by the year 2025 approximately one in five Canadians will be over the age of 65 (Cooper, 1989). Senior citizens, in Canada, are now being subcategorized into the "young-old", the "old-old", the "well-ederly" and the "frail-elderly" (Cooper, 1989, p.114). The new era of Canadian seniors boasts a philosophy of living longer and dying younger (at heart). The UN Chronicle suggest that the trend towards aging could significanlty affect a society's development potential, particularly if dependency rates among the elderly are high. Eight percent of older Canadians reside in long term care institutions compared with five percent of older Americans (Tamarkin, 1988). This may suggest that Canadian dependency rates among the elderly population is higher than the United States of America or it may reflect the availability of programs specific to the elderly in Canada. Provincial governments within Canada are attempting to decrease dependency rates among the elderly by intitiating health care programs which will promote individual independence. Present day long term care facilities encourage independence among the elderly, replacing the once predominant philosophy of promoting individual dependency. This theoretical framework attempts to decrease dependency rates within long term care institutions while promoting personal independence, decision making autonomy and lifestyle flexibility. The promotion of the above named concepts assumes that the institutionalized adult's quality of life is enhanced and maintained. The provincial government of Alberta, specifically the Department of Health or Alberta Health, has in the last decade researched and implemented program changes in long term care facilities. These initiatives have had a significant impact on the delivery of care, services and programs provided to the instiutionalized elderly of Alberta. Policy and program changes introduced at the nursing home level have greatly improved and enhanced the resources and quality of existing health care services provided to the institutionalized elderly. In 1985 the revised Nursing Home Act of Alberta was introduced. This document governs all nursing homes or long term care facilities within the province. Professional staff was increased in these facilities to better meet the demands of an aging instiutionalized elderly population. The previous Nursing Home Act had established minimum standards of care and services to be delivered to the elderly but the revised 1985 Nursing Home Act further developed these standards in an effort to increase or maintain the individual's quality of life within an institution and to further promote independence amont the institutionalized elderly. Alberta Health then introduced, in 1987, a classification system for all nursing homes. The ultimate goal of the classification system is to fund facilities in a more equitable manner taking into account individual facility care requirements. For example, a nursing home with heavy or intense care requirements will be funded at a higher rate compared with facilities which have light or minimal care requirements. The classification system determines staffing patterns for the nursing department within long term care facilities. For facilities with above average care requirements the non-professional nursing staff was increased. The professional nursing staff ratio was increased from 17 percent to 22 percent. Professional and non-professional nursing staff was not decreased in any facility. The provincial Department of Health has made a concerted effort to improve the quality of life for elderly individuals residing within Alberta institutions. Medicine Hat, a southeastern Alberta community, has a total population of 42,290 (Census Summary Part3, 1988). The Census Summary (1988) explains that 14 percent of Medicine Hat's total population consists of adults over the age of 65 years. This is much higher than the provincial percentage of 8.2 percent. The Medicine Hat News (1990) reported that in the early months of 1990, 6,000 of the city's residents were 65 years of age and older but that number will soar to 7,200 by the year 2000 with half of these individuals 75 years of age and older. As the past Director of Nursing in a nursing home in Medicine Hat, I am most concerned with meeting the needs of the institutionalized elderly. The revised Alberta Nursing Home Act of 1985 and classification systme of 1987 have created the resources within a nursing home to realistically meet the complex and varying health care needs of older individuals. According to Maslow's (1970) theory of human motivation a hierarchy of human needs exists. The beginning point or basis for motivation theory is the meeting of human physiological needs such as food, clothing and shelter. Maslow's hierarchy of needs then continues with the human need for safety, love and belonging, esteem and lastly, the need for self-actualization. Individual learning experiences promote and meet one's esteem needs. However, Maslow proposed that esteem needs cannot be met unless those needs below it on the hierarchy scale are initially met and maintained. Nursing homes do meet the basic survival or physiological needs of their residents. These individuals are fed, clother and sheltered. Safety needs of the instiutionalized elderly are met by the institution in terms of 'security, structure, order and protection" (Maslow, 1970, p. 39). The institutional setting may not adequately meet the individual's need for love and belonging. This can be attempted, collectively, on a group basis but individual loneliness may prevail. It is hoped that these needs can be met with the assistance of the individuals' family or friends. If love and belonging needs are adequately fulfilled then Maslow acknowledges that esteem needs may be attained. Esteem needs include the desire "for self-respect or self-esteem and for the esteem of others" (Maslow, 1970, p. 45). The long term care facility may attempt to meet an individuals' esteem needs by providing learning opportunities which will promote "individual recognition, achievement, mastery, competence, confidence, independence, status, importance, appreciation and dignity" (p. 45). The meeting of an individual's esteem needs may or may not lead one to strive for self-actualization which, according to Maslow is the epitome of being. The need for interdependence is perhaps a higher need than self-actualization. The need for interdependence suggest that each individual or groups of individuals must rely on the other for their co-existence. Interdependence is crucial within long term care settings as residents, their familiees and/or significant others and the institution strive for an environment of mutuality. Historically, the physical, social, spiritual and mental well being of the institutionalized elderly was a goal most long term care facilities strived for. This conceptual framework surmises that learning needs are a part of the individual's mental and social needs. Nursing homes contain several departments which address specific needs of the resident. For instance, the nursing, dietary, phsiotherapy and occupational therapy departments ensure that the physical needs of the institutionalized elderly are assessed and addressed by the recreational department within a long term care facility. In Medicine Hat, community senior citizen centers as well as the local college have provided learning opportunities for older adults who reside in a community setting. However, long term care facilities have not truly addressed the issue of providing learning sessions for the lucid institutionalized elderly. Perhaps this is due, to some extent, to certain attitudes espoused by society in general, towards aging and the institutionalized elderly. Nursing homes may be perceived by some members of society as the final resting place for the living. Inhabitants of nursing homes may be perceived as a collective group rather than individuals with uniquely varying personalities, preferences, desire and emotions. The institutionalized elderly are individuals who wish to live their lives as do otje members of society, with definition, purpose and the desire to be recognized. Society has in the past negatively stereotyped aging and has held an infatuation with youth which has contributed to the ideology that aging was not an important process to be studied (Groombridge, 1982). However, with the realization that the elderly population is increasing significantly researchers are becoming more interested in understanding aging as it constitutes a complex process which involves biological, psychological, social, political and economic factors. According to McDaniel (1986) aging is poorly understood at present but is receiving greater attention and an increasing amount of research has rectnely been intiated on the subject. In my opinion, research initiatives concerning the institutionalized elderly are long overdue. Long term care facilities are now placing greater emphasis on the goals of resident individuality, personal autonomy and institutional flexibility with regard to the reidents' lifestyles. Long term care professionals are now motivated to inquire and seek clarification from their clientele in an effort to achieve this new goal. An increasing elderly population has prompted researchers to consider new and unexplored areas of critical thinking concerning elderhood. The identification of learning needs among the lucid institutionalized elderly is an unexplored area of elderhood. Past research on learning needs among the elderly indicates that gaps do exist in the research. Further studies are required in order to understand and plan future learning programs for the lucid instiutionalized individual

Solute Fluxes Through Restored Prairie and Intensively Managed Critical Zones in Nebraska and Iowa

Agricultural activities in the Midwestern United States have potentially altered geochemical fluxes within the critical zone (CZ) compared to native prairie systems that previously dominated the region. To quantify the impact of agricultural land use on soil and stream solute behavior, we are studying two watersheds in the region: Glacier Creek Preserve (GCP) in eastern Nebraska and the Intensively Managed Landscapes Critical Zone Observatory (IML-CZO) in eastern Iowa. Both watersheds were initially under agricultural land use for over 100 years, but part of each watershed was restored to prairie 20 – 50 years ago. Soils at both sites formed in thick Peoria loess (≥6 m) overlying glacial till with similar mean annual temperatures (∼10∘C) but slightly higher mean annual precipitation in Iowa (89 cm) compared to Nebraska (78 cm). At both sites, soil pore water and precipitation were collected every 2–4 weeks to measure anions, cations, and alkalinity; stream waters draining either restored prairie or agriculture were sampled similarly in Nebraska. Both soil moisture content and electrical conductivity were consistently higher in the upper one meter of agricultural soils compared to prairie soils in Nebraska, implying slower drainage and higher solute concentrations in the agricultural soils. At both sites, soil pore water Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations and annual fluxes were significantly higher in agricultural soils compared to restored prairie. Conversely, streams draining restored prairie have significantly higher Ca2+and Mg2+ concentrations than the agricultural streams. Fluxes from agricultural streams, however, were higher than the prairie, pointing to a potential dilution effect of runoff from the agricultural land use. These observations lead to a conceptual model where deeply infiltrating water in restored prairie soils interacts with minerals present deeper in the soil before reaching the stream whereas in agricultural soils water does not infiltrate as deeply and thus experiences more shallow flowpaths to the stream. Furthermore, changes in geochemical and hydrologic fluxes have been realized in just a few decades since switching land use from agriculture to prairie. Thus, intensive agricultural land use may alter soil function and solute transport to streams compared to critical zones hosting tallgrass prairie vegetation

Solute Fluxes Through Restored Prairie and Intensively Managed Critical Zones in Nebraska and Iowa

Agricultural activities in the Midwestern United States have potentially altered geochemical fluxes within the critical zone (CZ) compared to native prairie systems that previously dominated the region. To quantify the impact of agricultural land use on soil and stream solute behavior, we are studying two watersheds in the region: Glacier Creek Preserve (GCP) in eastern Nebraska and the Intensively Managed Landscapes Critical Zone Observatory (IML-CZO) in eastern Iowa. Both watersheds were initially under agricultural land use for over 100 years, but part of each watershed was restored to prairie 20 – 50 years ago. Soils at both sites formed in thick Peoria loess (≥6 m) overlying glacial till with similar mean annual temperatures (∼10°C) but slightly higher mean annual precipitation in Iowa (89 cm) compared to Nebraska (78 cm). At both sites, soil pore water and precipitation were collected every 2–4 weeks to measure anions, cations, and alkalinity; stream waters draining either restored prairie or agriculture were sampled similarly in Nebraska. Both soil moisture content and electrical conductivity were consistently higher in the upper one meter of agricultural soils compared to prairie soils in Nebraska, implying slower drainage and higher solute concentrations in the agricultural soils. At both sites, soil pore water Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations and annual fluxes were significantly higher in agricultural soils compared to restored prairie. Conversely, streams draining restored prairie have significantly higher Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations than the agricultural streams. Fluxes from agricultural streams, however, were higher than the prairie, pointing to a potential dilution effect of runoff from the agricultural land use. These observations lead to a conceptual model where deeply infiltrating water in restored prairie soils interacts with minerals present deeper in the soil before reaching the stream whereas in agricultural soils water does not infiltrate as deeply and thus experiences more shallow flowpaths to the stream. Furthermore, changes in geochemical and hydrologic fluxes have been realized in just a few decades since switching land use from agriculture to prairie. Thus, intensive agricultural land use may alter soil function and solute transport to streams compared to critical zones hosting tallgrass prairie vegetation