How Humans and Nature Can Coexist: The Creation of a Modern Day Responsible Landscape

Japanese tradition has modeled how humans and nature can coexist in harmony through concepts such as satoyama (the belief in human societies existing on the edges of nature) and Shintoism (the belief in kami or spirits of the natural realm). However, these ideas are traditional as they primarily feature agricultural, low-tech societies that would not be feasible in today’s industrial age. In watching the anime film Princess Mononoke, I believe that the film suggests a new version of this traditional coexistence that is applicable to the modern age through three landscape types as defined by scholars Mumcu and Yilmz. The three landscapes are named responsible, wilderness, and apocalyptic. The film features a protagonist who comes from the town of Emishi (responsible landscape) who becomes entangled in a conflict between the human society of Iron Town (apocalyptic) and the natural world of the forest (wilderness). The ending features the destruction of both societies which then promise to rebuild them in a better way. While the new society is never depicted, I believe that the solution is a modern-day responsible landscape, an adaptation of the responsible landscape described by Mumcu and Yilmz. This new responsible landscape, relying in part on traditional conceptions, would consist of an attitude adjustment on the part of humans to see themselves as equitable to and interconnected with nature. It would also include a reliance on cleaner energy forms, preservation of natural landscapes, and environmental legislation

Characterization of the in situ magnetic architecture of oceanic crust (Hess Deep) using near-source vector magnetic data

Marine magnetic anomalies are a powerful tool for detecting geomagnetic polarity reversals, lithological boundaries, topographic contrasts, and alteration fronts in the oceanic lithosphere. Our aim here is to detect lithological contacts in fast-spreading lower crust and shallow mantle by characterizing magnetic anomalies and investigating their origins. We conducted a high-resolution, near-bottom, vector magnetic survey of crust exposed in the Hess Deep “tectonic window” using the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Isis during RRS James Cook cruise JC21 in 2008. Hess Deep is located at the western tip of the propagating rift of the Cocos-Nazca plate boundary near the East Pacific Rise (EPR) (2°15′N, 101°30′W). ROV Isis collected high-resolution bathymetry and near-bottom magnetic data as well as seafloor samples to determine the in situ lithostratigraphy and internal structure of a section of EPR lower crust and mantle exposed on the steep (~20°dipping) south facing slope just north of the Hess Deep nadir. Ten magnetic profiles were collected up the slope using a three-axis fluxgate magnetometer mounted on ROV Isis. We develop and extend the vertical magnetic profile (VMP) approach of Tivey (1996) by incorporating, for the first time, a three-dimensional vector analysis, leading to what we here termed as “vector vertical magnetic profiling” approach. We calculate the source magnetization distribution, the deviation from two dimensionality, and the strike of magnetic boundaries using both the total field Fourier-transform inversion approach and a modified differential vector magnetic analysis. Overall, coherent, long-wavelength total field anomalies are present with a strong magnetization contrast between the upper and lower parts of the slope. The total field anomalies indicate a coherently magnetized source at depth. The upper part of the slope is weakly magnetized and magnetic structure follows the underlying slope morphology, including a “bench” and lobe-shaped steps, imaged by microbathymetry. The lower part of the slope is strongly magnetized, with a gradual reduction in amplitude from east to west across the slope. Surface morphology and recent drilling results indicate that the slope has been affected by mass wasting, but the observation of internally coherent magnetization distributions within the upper and lower slopes suggest that the disturbance is surficial. We attribute the spatial differences in magnetization distribution to the combination of changes in in situ lithology and depth to the source. These survey lines document the first magnetic profiles that capture the gabbro-ultramafic and possibly dike-gabbro boundaries in fast-spreading lower crust

Source of oceanic magnetic anomalies and the geomagnetic polarity time scale

Marine magnetic anomalies provide the framework for the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Jurassic to Recent (since 160 Ma). Magnetostratigraphic records confirm that the polarity reversal sequence interpreted from magnetic anomalies is complete to a resolution of better than 30 ky. In addition to this record of polarity reversals, magnetic anomalies also appear to preserve information on geomagnetic intensity fluctuations. The correspondence of coherent near-bottom anomaly variations with independent estimates of field intensity provides strong evidence that geomagnetic intensity modulates the magnetization of the ocean crust. Indeed, many short wavelength anomaly variations in sea-surface magnetic profiles over fast-spreading ridges are likely attributable to geomagnetic intensity variations. Although longer-term geomagnetic field behavior may also be reflected in anomaly amplitudes, documenting such a signal requires a better understanding of time-dependent changes in the magnetic source (e.g., from low-temperature alteration) that may also affect magnetic anomalies. The extrusive layer, with an average remanence of ∼ 5 A m−1, is the largest contributor to magnetic anomalies. However, enhanced sampling of oceanic gabbros (average remanence ∼ 1 A m−1) and, to a lesser extent, dikes (average remanence ∼ 2 A m−1) reveals that these deeper (and thicker) layers likely generate anomalies comparable to those from the lavas. Lava accumulation at intermediate- and fast-spreading ridges typically occurs over a narrow (1–3 km) region and dike emplacement is even more narrowly confined, resulting in a relatively high fidelity record of geomagnetic field behavior. The slow cooling of the gabbroic layer, however, results in gently dipping polarity boundaries that significantly affect the skewness of the resulting anomalies, which is also a sensitive measure of net rotations of the source layer(s). The magnetizations of the dikes and gabbros are characterized by high stability and are not expected to significantly change with time, although there are insufficient data to confirm this. The lavas, however, typically show evidence of low-temperature alteration, which has been long regarded as a process that progressively reduces the magnetization (and degrades the geomagnetic signal) in the extrusive layer and reduces the amplitude of magnetic anomalies. Sufficient data have become available to examine this conventional wisdom. There is a substantial (∼ 4x) reduction in magnetization from on-axis samples to immediately off-axis drillsites (∼ 0.5 My), but little further change in half-dozen or so deep crustal sites to ∼ 160 Ma. High paleointensity that characterizes the last few thousand years may contribute significantly to the high on-axis magnetization. The task of evaluating changes in remanence of the extrusive layer is made more difficult by substantial cooling-rate-dependent changes in magnetic properties and the systematic variation in remanence with iron content (magnetic telechemistry). The commonly cited magnetic anomaly amplitude envelope is in fact not systematically observed – the Central Anomaly is elevated at slow-spreading ridges but is not as prominent at faster spreading rates. Nonetheless, magnetic anomaly amplitudes are consistent with magnetization change is poorly constrained. Direct determinations of the degree of low-temperature oxidation reveal the presence of highly oxidized titanomagnetite in samples less than 1 My old, suggesting a short (∼ 105 years) time constant though the effects of low-temperature oxidation are quite heterogeneous. While low-temperature oxidation does have some affect on lava magnetization and anomaly amplitudes, there is increasing evidence that marine magnetic anomalies are capable of recording a broad spectrum of geomagnetic field behavior, ranging from millennial-scale paleointensity variations to polarity reversals to apparent polar wander to, more speculatively, long-term changes in average field strength. Several emerging tools and approaches – autonomous vehicles, oriented samples, absolute paleointensity of near-ridge lavas, and measurements of the vector anomalous field – are therefore likely to significantly advance our understanding of the geomagnetic signal recorded in the oceanic crust, as well as our ability to utilize this information in addressing outstanding problems in crustal accretion processes

Costa Rica Rift hole deepened and logged

During Leg 111 of the Ocean Drilling Program, scientists on the drilling vessel JOIDES Resolution studied crustal structure and hydrothermal processes in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Leg 111 spent 43 days on its primary objective, deepening and logging Hole 5048, a deep reference hole in 5.9-million-year-old crust 200 km south of the spreading axis of the Costa Rica Rift. Even before Leg 111 , Hole 5048 was the deepest hole drilled into the oceanic crust, penetrating 274.5 m of sediments and 1,075.5 m of pillow lavas and sheeted dikes to a total depth of 1,350 m below sea floor (mbsf). Leg 111 deepened the hole by 212.3 m to a total depth of 1,562.3 mbsf (1,287.8 m into basement), and completed a highly successful suite of geophysical logs and experiments, including sampling of borehole waters

Italian Public Tourism Sector, Bureaucracy and Change Management Process: Four Bureaucratic Organizational Typologies

This study intends to identify factors that can aid the management of change in the Italian public tourism sector (IPTS). The bureaucracy in IPTS were analysed so as to identify organizational typologies and assess underlying management culture in order to pinpoint the elements that could influence the process of change. The study considered, within IPTS, two regions, one located in southern Italy (Campania Public Tourism Sector – CPTS), and the other in northern Italy (Tuscany Public Tourism Sector – TPTS). The specific data are the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism - MiBacT – 2017 and 24 privileged witnesses. The paper reports findings from research in progress. The data were collected through using a questionnaire and statistically analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. The case study allows to identify different typologies of bureaucracy in IPTS (insensitive, sensitive, participated and proactive) and data show the correlation between managerial culture and change management in bureaucracy. The research was limited to only 2 Italian regions out of a total of 22. It is necessary to extend the research to the other regions located in the North and the South of Italy. Possible measures to address operational and cultural problems in the regions have been identified in further research at the national level, analysis of good practices and cross contamination of proactive managers with the participated and insensitive managers. This process can be identified as a change process for the IPTS. It is the first IPTS research paper on the CPTS and TPTS.  The analysis may be extended to the entire country. Such a view rejects a stance whereby the bureaucracy could be regarded as ultimately unchangeable. It must instead be seen as under constant development and re-interpretation. Keywords: Italian Public Tourism Sector, Campania and Tuscany, Factor Analysis, SWOT Analysis, Bureaucratic Theory, Quantitative and Qualitative Approach, Managemen

Evolution of the accretion processes along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge north of the Azores since 5.5 Ma: An insight into the interactions between the ridge and the plume

International audienceHigh-resolution bathymetry and gravity data north of the Azores Plateau show that this part of the North Mid-Atlantic Ridge is presently undergoing a phase of weak crustal production and magmatism. Most of the ridge segments are small and short-lived, suggesting a disrupted and highly variable accretion regime since anomaly 3A. The influence of the nearby plume appears to be relatively minor and corresponds more to a weak thermal signal than to any major input of plume material and increased crustal production at the axis. A period of increased magmatism was identified at the southern limit of the study area (near 40°N) around anomaly 5. This magmatic "pulse" caused the emplacement of a topographic high, probably underlain by a thickened crust. This pulse probably marks the northernmost and last significant arrival of material from the Azores plume to the MAR axi

Economic - Organizational Analysis of the Public Tourism in Campania, Italy: Management and Human Asset Issues

The study intends to analyze the change of management culture within the Campania Public Tourism Sector (CPTS). The aim of the study is to evaluate, through the SWOT analysis, the elements that are relevant to the change of the system logic from bureaucratic to competitive. The differences are explained in figures n. 2 and n. 3 and tables 3 and 4. New young managers working in the CPTS have both theoretical skills and operative knowledge. Theoretical skills are related to education and training (non-humanistic). Managers entering the CPTS have also gained operative knowledge of innovative financial services. This knowledge represents a strong discontinuity with the bureaucratic culture that has characterized the CPTS for a long time, resulting in a negative performance of the business model of human and financial assets. The CPTS offers an ample chance for experimentation. Its strength is linked to the richness of natural, historical and cultural heritage assets of Campania region. On the other side, the organizational bottlenecks and the high incidence of political decision makers constitute the sector’s negative features. A competitiveness-enhancing reform related to professional skills, management capabilities and training needs to be started but the process is still in progress. Keywords: Italian Public Tourism Sector, Campania, Tourism management, Organizational analysis, Human asset

Magnetic structure of a slow spreading ridge segment: Insights from near-bottom magnetic measurements on board a submersible

International audienceNear-bottom magnetic measurements on board submersible Nautile were carried out on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 21 degrees 40'N segment, and deep-sea geomagnetic vector anomalies along 19 dive tracks were obtained by applying the processing method for shipboard three-component magnetometer data. A forward modeling technique using short-wavelength components of the anomalies arising from local topography and vertical motion of the submersible was designed to estimate the absolute magnetization intensity of the seafloor. In the vicinity of the spreading axis a considerable number of magnetization estimations are reliably confirmed by the high correlation between observed and modeled anomalies, whereas less reliable estimations are obtained off-axis, probably because the sediment buries the basement topography. The natural remanent magnetization (NRM) measured on basalt samples collected during these dives is compared with the magnetization from anomalies. Though both results give a similar range of magnetization intensity, no correlation is confirmed between them, possibly because the magnetization from anomalies represents laterally averaged seafloor magnetization, whereas the NRM has variations at the scale of individual pillow or lava pile. Equivalent magnetization inverted from the sea-surface magnetic anomalies shows axial magnetization increases significantly from the segment center to the segment ends. However, the results of eight dives conducted near the spreading axis at different locations along the segment show much less variation in magnetization intensity along the axis. We ascribe the high equivalent magnetization at segment ends to preferential serpentinization of peridotite near the segment ends and the associated formation of magnetite. The results of three across-axis transects composed of 15 dives running in the spreading direction can be consistently interpreted as recording geomagnetic paleointensity variations during the Brunhes epoch. Although magnetization lows are generally correspondent to periods of low paleointensity, they show deeper drop than predicted from the paleointensity variation

Громадянське суспільство як категорія етнополітології

У статті «громадянське суспільство» розглядається як категорія етнополітології, акцентується увага на визначальному впливі громадянського суспільства на формування сучасної нації.В статье «гражданское общество» рассматривается как категория этнополитологии, акцентируется внимание на определяющем влиянии гражданского общества на формирование современной нации.In the article «civil society» is considered as a category ethnopolitology, emphasized the decisive influence of civil society on the formation of modern nation

Mantle thermal pulses below the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and temporal variations in the formation of oceanic lithosphere

A 20-Myr record of creation of oceanic lithosphere is exposed along a segment of the central Mid-Atlantic Ridge on an uplifted sliver of lithosphere. The degree of melting of the mantle that is upwelling below the ridge, estimated from the chemistry of the exposed mantle rocks, as well as crustal thickness inferred from gravity measurements, show oscillations of 3–4 Myr superimposed on a longer-term steady increase with time. The time lag between oscillations of mantle melting and crustal thickness indicates that the mantle is upwelling at an average rate of 25 mm yr-1, but this appears to vary through time. Slow-spreading lithosphere seems to form through dynamic pulses of mantle upwelling and melting, leading not only to along-axis segmentation but also to across-axis structural variability. Also, the central Mid-Atlantic Ridge appears to have become steadily hotter over the past 20 Myr, possibly owing to north–south mantle flow