Mass-polariton theory of light in dispersive media

We have recently shown that the electromagnetic field in a medium is made of mass-polariton (MP) quasiparticles, which are quantized coupled states of the field and an atomic mass density wave (MDW) [Phys. Rev. A 95, 063850 (2017)]. In this work, we generalize the MP theory of light for dispersive media assuming that absorption and scattering losses are very small. Following our previous work, we present two different approaches to the theory of light: (1) the MP quasiparticle theory, which is derived by only using the fundamental conservation laws and the Lorentz transformation; (2) the classical optoelastic continuum dynamics (OCD), which is a generalization of the electrodynamics of continuous media to include the dynamics of the medium under the influence of optical forces. For the coupled MP state of a single photon and the medium, we obtain the total MP momentum of the Minkowski form while the field's share of the momentum is equal to the Abraham momentum. We also show that the correspondence between the MP and OCD models and the conservation of momentum at interfaces gives an unambiguous formula for the optical force. The dynamics of the light pulse and the related MDW lead to nonequilibrium of the medium and to relaxation of the atomic density by sound waves in the same way as for nondispersive media. We also carry out simulations for optimal measurements of atomic displacements related to the MDW in silicon. In the simulations, we consider different waveguide cross-sections and optical pulse widths and account for the breakdown threshold irradiance of materials. We also compare the MP theory to previous theories of the momentum of light in a dispersive medium. We show that our generalized MP theory resolves all the problems related to the Abraham-Minkowski dilemma in a dispersive medium

Feeding value of red clover-grass, Persian clover and common vetch for pigs

Red clover-grass, Persian clover, and common fetch that are generally grown for green manuring in organic cropping cycles, are also valuable forages for the feeding of pigs. They could substitute up to 30% of concentrates (on dry matter basis) in the feeding of growing pigs without negative impact on nitrogen (N) retention. This indicates that protein and amino acids of these legumes are well digested and utilised by the pigs. However, inclusion of roughage to pig diets shifts N utilisation so that N excretion to faeces is increased while N excretion to urine is decreased. Persian clover, in particular, is an intriguing roughage for pigs as its protein contains more amino acids that that of red clover-grass or common vetch. In addition, the digestibility of fibre is good in Persian clover, due to lower cellulose and lignin content in the fibre fraction. In practice, the voluntary feed intake of roughages remains lower, from 5% to 20% of pigs’ dry matter intake depending on the production phase

Feed intake and weight and body condition changes of 100% organically fed lactating sows

Energy and protein density of the 100 % organic lactation diet should be increased as early as from 3rd week of lactation onwards in order to minimize the weight loss of the sow during the at least 40 day lactation period. Feed amino acid balance from 22nd day of lactation should match the amount of live weight lost during the first 21 days of lactation. This should be supported by providing the piglets feed attractive enough to ensure their high dry feed intake during the late lactation period

Thermal balance and photon-number quantization in layered structures

The quantization of the electromagnetic field in lossy and dispersive dielectric media has been widely studied during the last few decades. However, several aspects of energy transfer and its relation to consistently defining position-dependent ladder operators for the electromagnetic field in nonequilibrium conditions have partly escaped the attention. In this work we define the position-dependent ladder operators and an effective local photon-number operator that are consistent with the canonical commutation relations and use these concepts to describe the energy transfer and thermal balance in layered geometries. This approach results in a position-dependent photon-number concept that is simple and consistent with classical energy conservation arguments. The operators are formed by first calculating the vector potential operator using Green's function formalism and Langevin noise source operators related to the medium and its temperature, and then defining the corresponding position-dependent annihilation operator that is required to satisfy the canonical commutation relations in arbitrary geometry. Our results suggest that the effective photon number associated with the electric field is generally position dependent and enables a straightforward method to calculate the energy transfer rate between the field and the local medium. In particular, our results predict that the effective photon number in a vacuum cavity formed between two lossy material layers can oscillate as a function of the position suggesting that also the local field temperature oscillates. These oscillations are expected to be directly observable using relatively straightforward experimental setups in which the field-matter interaction is dominated by the coupling to the electric field

Generalized noise terms for the quantized fluctuational electrodynamics

The quantization of optical fields in vacuum has been known for decades, but extending the field quantization to lossy and dispersive media in nonequilibrium conditions has proven to be complicated due to the position-dependent electric and magnetic responses of the media. In fact, consistent position-dependent quantum models for the photon number in resonant structures have only been formulated very recently and only for dielectric media. Here we present a general position-dependent quantized fluctuational electrodynamics (QFED) formalism that extends the consistent field quantization to describe the photon number also in the presence of magnetic field-matter interactions. It is shown that the magnetic fluctuations provide an additional degree of freedom in media where the magnetic coupling to the field is prominent. Therefore, the field quantization requires an additional independent noise operator that is commuting with the conventional bosonic noise operator describing the polarization current fluctuations in dielectric media. In addition to allowing the detailed description of field fluctuations, our methods provide practical tools for modeling optical energy transfer and the formation of thermal balance in general dielectric and magnetic nanodevices. We use the QFED to investigate the magnetic properties of microcavity systems to demonstrate an example geometry in which it is possible to probe fields arising from the electric and magnetic source terms. We show that, as a consequence of the magnetic Purcell effect, the tuning of the position of an emitter layer placed inside a vacuum cavity can make the emissivity of a magnetic emitter to exceed the emissivity of a corresponding electric emitter

Noiseless amplification of weak coherent fields without external energy

According to the fundamental laws of quantum optics, noise is necessarily added to the system when one tries to clone or amplify a quantum state. However, it has recently been shown that the quantum noise related to the operation of a linear phase-insensitive amplifier can be avoided when the requirement of a deterministic operation is relaxed. Nondeterministic noiseless linear amplifiers are therefore realizable. Usually nondeterministic amplifiers rely on using single photon sources. We have, in contrast, recently proposed an amplification scheme in which no external energy is added to the signal, but the energy required to amplify the signal originates from the stochastic fluctuations in the field itself. Applying our amplification scheme, we examine the amplifier gain and the success rate as well as the properties of the output states after successful and failed amplification processes. We also optimize the setup to find the maximum success rates in terms of the reflectivities of the beam splitters used in the setup. In addition, we discuss the nonidealities related to the operation of our setup and the relation of our setup with the previous setups.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1309.428

Laulu isänmaalle

Kirja-arvostel

Rivitalohankkeen aikataulu- ja kustannussuunnittelu

Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli tuottaa kustannusarvio ja tavoitearvio omaperusteiseen rivitalokohteeseen Parha Oy:lle. Tavoitteena oli myös muodostaa yleisaikataulu ja rakentamisvaiheaikataulu perustus- ja runkotyövaiheelle samaan kohteeseen. Näiden lisäksi tavoitteena oli seurata kustannusten muodostumista ja verrata niitä tavoitearviossa muodostettuihin kokonaisuuksiin. Yllä mainittujen kokonaisuuksien pohjalta päätavoite oli kehittää kyseisen yrityksen aikataulu- ja kustannussuunnittelua. Kevään 2017 aikana työ aloitettiin perehtymällä aikataulu- ja kustannussuunnitteluun. Ensimmäiseksi rivitalokohteelle muodostettiin kustannusarvio ja tavoitearvio sekä aikataulut. Kustannuksia aloitettiin seuraamaan heti kohteen käynnistyttyä toukukuussa. Työn toteuttamisessa apuna toimi RT- ja RATU tiedostot, joita käytettiin sekä teorian käsittelyssä, että kustannus- ja aikataulutiedostojen laatimisessa. Myös yrityksen omat tiedostot toimivat tietolähteenä kyseisessä työssä. Opinnäytetyön tuloksena saatiin tuotettua realistinen kustannus- ja tavoitearvio sekä aikataulut, joita voi hyödyntää tulevissa kohteissa. Kustannusseurannan tulokset olivat vain osittain vertailukelpoisia suhteessa tavoitearvioon, joten etenkin sen osa-alueen kehittämistä on jatkettava. Kustannusarviota voidaan käyttää pohjana tulevissa laskelmissa ja aikataulutiedostojen pohjalta seuraavien hankkeiden aikataulusuunnittelu helpottuu sekä nopeutuu. Opinnäytetyön pohjalta tilaajan on helppo jatkaa aikataulu- ja kustannussunnittelun kehittämistä.The aim of the thesis was to produce a budget and a goal estimate for a terraced house project of Parha Oy. An- other goal was to create a general schedule and a building stage schedule for the foundation and frame erection. In addition to these, the aim was to monitor how the costs build up and compare them to the budget. The main point of the thesis was to develop the scheduling and cost planning of the project. During the summer 2017 the thesis was started with studying scheduling and cost planning. At first the budget, goal estimate and schedules were produced for the terraced house project. In May, when the project started, the costs were started to monitor. RT and Ratu documents were helping with the process. They were used with the theory and to produce cost and schedule documents. Also the documents from the company were a source of knowledge in this thesis. The results of the thesis were a realistic budget and a goal estimate and also schedules that can be taken ad- vantage of in the future. The results of the cost control were only partly comparable to the goal estimate. So, especially that part must be developed further. The budget and the schedules can be used as a base in the fu- ture projects. That way scheduling and budgeting will be easier and quicker in the forthcoming projects. With the help of this thesis it will be easier to continue developing the scheduling and cost planning

Kalsiumin ja fosforin lisäys vahvistaa nopeakasvuisten sikojen luita

Nopeasti, lähes kilon päivässä kasvaneiden lihasikojen liikuntapisteet ja etusorkan luiden murtolujuus paranivat, kun kalsiumin ja sulavan fosforin suositusta nostettiin 15-30 prosenttia. Lisäksi useiden luiden ominaispaino nousi. Kalsiumin ja fosforin saanti eivät vaikuttaneet sikojen kasvuun, rehuhyötysuhteeseen eikä teuraslaatuun.vo