Enhancing organic waste decomposition with addition of phosphorus and calcium through different sources

Abstract Purpose This study assessed the constituent element in rock phosphate (RP) that is responsible for enhancing quick decomposition of cow dung–waste paper mixtures during vermicomposting. Method Feedstock weighing 5 kg was achieved by mixing 2.16 kg shredded waste paper together with 2.84 kg cow dung sprinkled with water and then enriched with (1% P) as RP from triple superphosphate (TSP), phosphoric acid (PHA) and Ca in the form of CaCl2 at the level supplied by RP. After mixing, they were loaded into vermireactors and inoculated with matured earthworms at a stocking density of 12.5 g worms/kg feed for the entire 56 days. The decomposition of the mixtures was then monitored by measuring maturity parameters, a germination test for phyto-toxicity and morphological properties was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Result Results revealed that rapid decomposition of waste was recorded where TSP was applied than RP whereas Ca-source had the least effect. A C:N ratio of 12 was achieved within 28 days where TSP was added, while RP, PHA and CaCl2 needed 42, 56 and more than 56 days, respectively. Conclusion It was evidently revealed from the results that P was basically the cause of the improved decomposition of the waste mixtures. To achieve quicker and well-humified enriched vermicompost with a C:N ratio of 10 within 20 days of vermicomposting, add water-soluble P sources

Aflibercept 2 mg biosimilar (Tyalia)—real-world experience from IRAN (ATRIA study)

Purpose: To evaluate the early real-world clinical outcomes regarding safety and efficacy after administering the aflibercept 2 mg biosimilar (Tyalia, Cinnagen, Tehran, Iran). Methods: A retrospective, uncontrolled observational study was conducted with a total of 499 Tyalia injections given in 189 eyes of 148 patients for variable indications. All patients were treated with at least one intravitreal injection of Tyalia 2 mg; 102 eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (n-AMD), 67 eyes with diabetic macular oedema (DMO), and 20 eyes with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) associated with macular oedema were included in the analysis. Results: The mean central subfield thickness (CST) of the overall group improved from baseline to the last follow-up from 408.8 ± 155.1 µ to 353.4 ± 142.4 µ (p < 0.001). Best corrected visual acuity was found to be stable in the total cohort. The total number of adverse events (AEs) was (0.4%). Conclusions: The preliminary real-world data from this limited early series suggest that Tyalia appears to have similar clinical efficacy and safety as aflibercept 2 mg innovator across the approved indications. However, long-term data with a larger population are needed to further strengthen the findings of this study