Effects of Thyme methanolic Extract on Ruminal Protein Degradation of Soybean Meal using Nylon Bag Technique

Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate effects of Thyme methanolic extract (0 and 0.15 mL/30 mL buffered rumen fluid) on ruminal Crude Protein (CP) degradation parameters of Soybean Meal (SBM). Nylon bags filled with 5 g of each of untreated or Thyme methanolic extract treated soybean meal, were suspended in the rumen of three fistulated Gezel rams for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h, and obtained data were fitted to a nonlinear degradation model to calculate ruminal degradation characteristics. Thyme methanolic extract treatments significantly decreased protein degradability of soybean meal on different incubation times. Effective rumen degradable crude protein at a rate of 0.02/h, for untreated and Thyme methanolic extract treated soybean meal, 82.43 and 77.80%, respectively were estimated. Although Thyme methanolic extract decreased (p<0.05) the water soluble fraction (a), constant rate of degradation (c) and total degradability (a+b) of CP degradation but potentially degradable fraction (b), were not significantly affected by Thyme methanolic extract

Comparing the Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Pain Complaint Behavior and Pain Self-efficacy in Patients with Chronic Back Pain in Tehran

Chronic back pain is among the most common types of chronic pains. This research was conducted to compare the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on pain complaint behavior and pain self-efficacy in patients with chronic back pain. The current research is a pretest-posttest follow-up experimental design with a control group that lasted from February 2019 to March 2020. The statistical population consisted of patients with chronic back pain referring to the specialty department of Al-Zahra Hakimieh Clinic in Tehran (Iran). The participants included 45 people selected by purposive and accessible sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups (15 people in each group). The first experimental group received CBT, the second experimental group received ACT, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Required data were collected using demographic information, pain complaint behavior, and pain self-efficacy questionnaires. Research hypotheses were examined using univariate covariance analysis. According to the results, 45 patients (33 men and 12 women) with an average age of 41.18 participated in this research. The F statistic obtained from univariate covariance analysis was significant for all dependent variables (P 0.05). Therefore, the effectiveness of both interventions on the pain complaint behavior and pain self-efficacy was the same. Overall, although the findings support the effectiveness of CBT and ACT in reducing the pain complaint behavior and increasing pain self-sufficiency in patients with chronic back pain, there was no significant difference between them in the post-test and the follow-up. Accordingly, this study recommends using CBT and ACT to reduce pain complaint behavior and increase pain self-sufficiency among chronic patients