TRANSFERÊNCIAS DE GESTÃO DOS PERÃMETROS PÚBLICOS DE IRRIGAÇÃO: UMA PROPOSTA METODOLÓGICA

The management of public irrigated perimeters has been considered crucial in many countries. In many scientific papers the main problem raised is the process of transference of management from the public sector to the private users. Thus, the objective of this paper is to study CODEVASF’s sixteen public irrigated perimeters in order to evaluate their emancipation process. Both bibliographic research and analysis of Brazilian legislation were done and a methodological proposal was elaborated which allows for evaluation of those perimeters in function of their peculiarities, especially management efficiency, operation and maintenance of their infrastructure, solvency of the producers, profitability of the agricultural activity and soil use. The indicators representative of these items were statistically treated with SPSS software to determine a model for identifying mathematically when a perimeter meets all the emancipation conditions. Results show that the proposed model is adequate and, although there were advances in CODEVASF’s irrigated perimeters management transference process, there are still some difficulties related mainly to inspection and contractual instruments, which suggests the necessity of trying different forms of transference authorized by Brazilian legislation.irrigated perimeters, management transference, public policy, Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Industrial Organization,

Recommendations and notes for categorizations in research on interorganizational networks

Os estudos sobre redes interorganizacionais foram bastante explorados pela administração, principalmente, a partir da década de 1980. No entanto, ainda hoje, ocorrem embates sobre definições e metodologias nessa área. Isso faz com que pesquisadores fiquem frequentemente desamparados sobre a taxonomia desse objeto de estudo, o que dificulta a construção de uma base de conhecimentos estruturada. Por isso, o objetivo desta pesquisa é propor recomendações e apontamentos que auxiliem os pesquisadores a estabelecer elementos fundamentais para a categorização das redes interorganizacionais, auxiliando assim a identificá-las, para que possam ser analisadas, comparadas e compreendidas por suas características específicas. Para tal, o pesquisador pode categorizar a rede interorganizacional estudada baseando-se nos seguintes elementos: formação, tipos de alianças, orientação das relações, orientação do elo da cadeia, presença de uma organização central, governança, institucionalização, unidade de análise, tipo de competição, proximidade e necessidade de sinergias das alianças. No entanto, a categorização é apenas um dos passos do conjunto de ações a serem realizadas no processo de pesquisa sobre redes interorganizacionais. Como possível alternativa para um processo empírico abrangente, recomenda-se: (1) estabelecer claramente um objetivo de pesquisa sobre redes interorganizacionais; (2) limitar a rede conforme os objetivos da pesquisa; (3) escolher a estratégia de pesquisa mais adequada ao objetivo de estudo; (4) atentar para quais os pontos focais da pesquisa e realizar seu estudo dentro de padrões éticos; (5) compreender o contexto histórico-social da rede; (6) categorizar a rede; e (7) deixar claro no relatório final as categorizações estabelecidas e as justificativas das escolhas metodológicas.There have been many studies on interorganizational networks in the field of management since the 1980s. However, even nowadays there are still some disagreements concerning definitions and methods in this field of study. Researchers of this topic are frequently at a loss when it comes to its taxonomy, which hinders the construction of a structured knowledge base. Therefore, the objective of this study is to provide recommendations and notes for researchers in this field that may be helpful when it comes to establishing essential elements for the classification of interorganizational networks, enabling their identification in order to analyze, compare and understand them according to their specific characteristics. Therefore, a researcher can categorize his research object according to the following possibilities: formation; alliances types; guidance for relationships; guidance for links in the chain; presence of a central organization; governance; institutionalization; analysis unity; type of competition; proximity and; requirements for alliance synergies. However, categorization is just one of the steps to be taken by interorganizational researchers within a larger set of actions. As an alternative possibility for a broader empirical process, researchers are advised to: (1) Clearly establish an objective for inter-organizational network research; (2) Establish network boundaries according to research objectives; 3) Choose an adequate research strategy according to the established objective; (4) Be aware of what the focal points for the empirical research are and conclude the empirical study according to ethical standards; (5) Understand the historical and social context of the network; (6) Categorize the network; and (7) Point out the established categorizations and the justifications of the chosen methods in the final report

Potentials and limits to generate employment and income by the National Programme for Production and Use of Biodiesel

This study analyses the National Programme for Production and Use of Biodiesel launched by the Brazil Federal Government in 2005 as a public policy to generate sustainable employment and income within the context of development of new alternative sources of energy. It also verifies the impact of PNPB on occupation and income rate of farmers participating in the projects of production of biodiesel through field research carried out on 93 family farms participating in projects already implemented in the State of Goiás. The choice of producers was made at random from a list of all producers who had already gone through a complete cycle of production and stretched across 33 municipalities in the second half of 2007. The survey data was obtained through a closed-ended questionnaire which was designed to ascertain: 1) the increase of occupation and income regarding producers participating in the projects, 2) ways of including these farmers into the programme, 3) technical assistance offered to them (according to the guidelines of the programme) and 4) the evaluation of the programme by participating farmers. The SPSS software was used for processing and data analysis. The results show that most of the objectives of the programme, such as generation of occupation and income by family farming, are being achieved.biofuels, biodiesel, family farm, public policy, Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Industrial Organization,

From White Noise to Sound Decisions: Overcoming Noise in Corporate Law

This article explores the realm of noise, which is characterized by the lack of discernible patterns and unpredictable nature, distinguishing it from biases in terms of features, implications, and solutions. After examining the integration of behavioral economics into legal matters, the article delves into the application of this framework in the context of corporate law. Studying noise into corporate law offers valuable insights into specific areas. Needless to say, this paper sheds light on the legal practice of corporate law, encompassing aspects such as contractual matters, M&A due diligence, and corporate governance. Understanding the complexities of corporate transactions is particularly crucial for legal practitioners in effectively navigating the intricate landscape of corporate law. Then, it reveals some key mechanics of the board of directors, taking into account how noise levels fluctuate in the presence of a superstar CEO. When recognizing the influence of noise in these contexts, corporate decision-making processes can be better understood and potentially improved. Furthermore, delving into the study of noise allows for a comprehensive understanding of its influence on legal precedents and the potential distortions it may introduce into the system. This encompasses the consolidation of both precedents issued by courts and those within the practices of law firms based on industries, regulatory requirements, and references to past offerings. By examining the effects of noise on precedents, legal professionals can gain deeper insights into the dynamics of corporate decision-making. Drawing from the theories of Kahneman, Sibony, and Sunstein, I present methods for reducing noise through the implementation of decision hygiene techniques and mediating assessment protocols, while also examining the extent of the potential role of artificial intelligence in addressing these challenges in corporate law and governance. The paper concludes with three significant insights. Firstly, regulatory bodies must navigate various legal fields to effectively regulate and enforce compliance across industries. Understanding the interplay between noise and biases is essential for ensuring fair and efficient best practices. Secondly, corporate law stakeholders must recognize the multifaceted effects of noise and take steps to silence it in their decision-making processes. Recognizing the implications of noise enhances the care, attention to detail, integrity, and effectiveness of corporate environments. Furthermore, while AI demonstrates commendable capabilities in addressing biases and excels in data processing to mitigate noise, making it a particularly well-suited tool for tackling challenges related to noise, maybe even surpassing its effectiveness in addressing biases, it is crucial to consistently acknowledge the superiority of human judgment in making decisions. By presenting a few behavioral economics insights, this article aims at inviting readers to broaden their intellectual horizons, engaging scholars, legal professionals, and those interested in corporate governance to explore corporate law from an innovative lens

List Voting’s Travels: The Importance Of Being Independent In The Boardroom

The life of the law, especially with regard to corporations, is strongly influenced by experience and practice. The board, a living element of corporate law, is therefore one of the most noteworthy aspects to be studied, given its relevant implications and role as the lifeblood of scholarly debates. This Article offers a novel contribution to the assessment of list voting, a fairly unique Italian system that has been increasingly appreciated by institutional investors. A hand-picked dataset that stretches from 2005 to 2015 shows a positive correlation between minority-appointed directors in the boardroom and dividend payouts. Furthermore, the findings shed light on the practice of appointing independent directors based on slates proposed by the minority of shareholders and provide evidence that list voting works, not only in closely-held corporations, but also on a global scale, despite the previous scholarship that argues that list voting makes more sense in concentrated ownership scenarios. Although the empirical analysis focuses on the Italian case, the insight gained in this analysis regarding the effectiveness of list voting is also useful for other jurisdictions

In Vogue Again: The Re-Rise of SPACS in the IPO Market

If the capital markets described the year 2020 in a few words, it would certainly be Special Purpose Acquisition Company (SPACs), which - although to a different extent - are now gaining momentum on both shores of the pond. While, in the United States, SPACs are really enjoying a new lease on life due to the pandemic, the outlook seems positive in Europe too, although data are not comparable to those registered across the Atlantic. This article focuses on SPACs in the United States prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (between January 2010 and December 2019), in order to understand their structural changes over the years and the grounds for their recent resurgence. First, the article aims to identify the length and profitability of such an investment phenomenon and also understand the behavior of institutional investors in this context. Second, the article analyzes the possible investment shifts in the sector of SPACs, driven by the 2020 post-COVID bubble, relying on data retrieved from different providers and players, and specifically focusing on three main concerns: the increasing litigation phenomenon, the (resulting) increase in Directors and Officers (D&O) insurance costs, and the engagement of Private Investment in Public Equities (PIPEs) as guarantors of the soundness and of the successful outcome of the transaction. The results of this analysis may lead to several considerations and wide-ranging policy implications. But most importantly, they reasonably prompt the belief that U.S. SPACs will hold a foreground role in the near future, not plunging back into the shadows (or even worse into the darkness that they had been living in for years), especially if some disclosure tools, like the one suggested here with regard to their sponsors, are implemented. Moreover, SPACs will certainly be able to update and evolve for good, as they have shown themselves capable of doing in the past, thus, overcoming the problems and perplexities they raise. “Faced with unforeseen circumstances, a change of mindset is as necessary in this crisis as it would be in times of war. […] The cost of hesitation may be irreversible.” — Mario Draghi, We face a war against coronavirus and must mobilise accordingly, FIN. TIMES, Mar. 25, 202

Intra- and inter-individual genetic differences in gene expression

Genetic variation is known to influence the amount of mRNA produced by a gene. Given that the molecular machines control mRNA levels of multiple genes, we expect genetic variation in the components of these machines would influence multiple genes in a similar fashion. In this study we show that this assumption is correct by using correlation of mRNA levels measured independently in the brain, kidney or liver of multiple, genetically typed, mice strains to detect shared genetic influences. These correlating groups of genes (CGG) have collective properties that account for 40-90% of the variability of their constituent genes and in some cases, but not all, contain genes encoding functionally related proteins. Critically, we show that the genetic influences are essentially tissue specific and consequently the same genetic variations in the one animal may up-regulate a CGG in one tissue but down-regulate the same CGG in a second tissue. We further show similarly paradoxical behaviour of CGGs within the same tissues of different individuals. The implication of this study is that this class of genetic variation can result in complex inter- and intra-individual and tissue differences and that this will create substantial challenges to the investigation of phenotypic outcomes, particularly in humans where multiple tissues are not readily available.

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