How to buy and sell cordwood (1993)

Reviewed October 1993

Wood burning inserts for fireplaces (1993)

The idea of inserts came about for three reasons. First, research showed that conventional fireplaces were very inefficient and, therefore, not an effective heat source. Second, since the OPEC oil embargo of 1973, Americans have become more aware of energy. Third, because a high percentage of American homes already have these inefficient fireplaces, people began searching for a solution. Generally, inserts greatly improve heat generation efficiency in comparison to the conventional brick or stone fireplace. Fireplaces are 10 percent efficient at best, and as the outside temperature drops, their efficiency declines. On the other hand, a good insert can operate at 40 percent efficiency if it is fired properly. Because the cost of inserts ranges from $800 to$1500, consumers wonder whether putting an insert into their fireplace is a wise economic choice. Of course, this depends on how often the fireplace (insert) is used. If you only use your fireplace occasionally and not necessarily as a heat source, then the purchase of an insert is not a good choice. On the other hand, if you plan to burn one or more cords of wood per year for the heat, then buying the insert may be wise. The more wood you plan on burning each year for heat, the shorter the payback period will be.Reviewed October 1993

Structural design with wood (1993)

Wood as a building material is often misunderstood -- even by people who use it a great deal. Designers with extensive experience in wood design are rare. Many designers accept poor design practices. Water is the major source of trouble in exterior wood structures. Most of the design practices suggested in this guide deal directly or indirectly with wood moisture. Wood also is a material containing randomly placed defects (knots, etc.) as well as certain structural strength characteristics related to the orientation of the wood grain. These features should be considered in design to best use the wood and build the best structure possible.Reviewed October 1, 1993

Cardoso el opositor académico vs. Cardoso el político: ¿continuidad o ruptura?

Cardoso is among the most famous thinkers on development and dependency theory. He successfully combines sociology, economics and political science to build an interdisciplinary view of Latin America’s transformations. This paper analyses Cardoso’s “radical” theoretical evolution between two major books, Dependency and Development in Latin America (1970) and Charting a New Course: The Politics of Globalization and Social Transformation (2001). The positions he occupied when he wrote these two books, academician-political opponent and then politician, could explain his evolution. Cardoso claims that new political and economic conditions have taken place and a new theory is thus required in order to “chart a new course”.Fernando Henrique Cardoso, dependency theory, Latin America

Starting a fire in a wood stove (1995)

People who are dissatisfied with wood stoves say they're dissatisfied because of the hassles and problems they have when starting fires in them. Starting a fire in a wood stove is a considerable undertaking when compared to starting a fire in a gas or oil furnace. They require only turning up the thermostat. For the best results in starting a wood fire, you should have a well-thought-out 'standard operating procedure.'Revised 7/88, Reprinted 2/95/5M

Use of treated wood (1979)

There are many examples where the service life of wood used for construction could be greatly increased by the proper use of preservative treated lumber. posts or poles. Even experienced contractors and builders may not be aware of the fact that treated wood materials are now generally available. Further, most users of wood do not know the real value of treated material in construction. The following questions and answers are designed to give persons building with wood greater insight into the proper use and benefits of treated wood

Catalytic combustors for wood burning stoves and furnaces (1993)

A catalytic combustor is a ceramic honeycombed device coated with a noble metal, usually palladium. There are various sizes and shapes, but the most common combustor is shaped like a wheel, 5-3/4 inches in diameter and 2 inches thick.Reviewed October 1993

Veterinary Vaccines

Infectious diseases of animals are greatly increasing in importance. The rapid rise in global human population requires ever increasing production of food derived from animal agriculture and aquaculture. Increasing human and agricultural animal populations and the resulting environmental degradation are leading to the emergence of new infectious diseases and the re-emergence of diseases that were on the decline. Many of these emerging and re-emerging diseases are zoonotic and are significant threats to human health globally. Novel veterinary vaccines are needed to enhance food production, to protect humans from exposure to zoonotic diseases, and to reduce animal suffering. Safe and effective vaccines exist for some animal diseases, but for many important animal diseases, conventional approaches to vaccine development have not been successful. The premise of this meeting of leading academic, government and industry immunologists is that basic research on pathogen biology, virulence mechanisms, innate and acquired immunity, antigen processing and presentation, host pathogen interaction and adjuvants will lead to new breakthroughs in vaccine discovery and development

Reactivation of temperature-sensitive and non-temperature-sensitive infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine virus with dexamethasone

Latent infections by a temperature-sensitive (ts) infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus vaccine was produced as frequently as by non-ts vaccine virus. Thus, virus could be reactivated in seven of eight ts vaccinates and six of eight non-ts vaccinates after dexamethasone treatment. Virus excretion could be detectable for 1 to 8 days at a level of 2 X 106 to 3 X 108 plaque-forming units per ml of nasal secretions. The reactivated virus was shown to be the same as the original virus used for vaccination by its inability to grow at the restrictive temperature (39°C) as well as by its restriction endonuclease cleavage pattern