Charakterystyka i znaczenie wsparcia finansowego dla rozwoju krajów związkowych wschodnich Niemiec

This article aims to assess the most important directions and the importance of financial support for the development of the East Germany states (Länder). It presents the priorities of this assistance, discusses recorded in these states the most important economical, demographic and labor market changes.The analysis found that the size, form and purposes of the financial support have changed. Initially, social expenditures and technical infrastructure were mainly co-financed. In the following years to a greater support focused on business sector as well as research, innovation and education institutions.The assistance greatly contributed towards improving the basic infrastructure of the eastern federal states, had a positive impact on their economic structure transformation, creation of modern enterprises, increase of expenditures for research and development, increase in employment in non-agricultural sectors and labor productivity.Celem opracowania jest ocena najważniejszych kierunków oraz znaczenia pomocy finansowej dla rozwoju krajów związkowych wschodnich Niemiec. W artykule przedstawiono priorytety tej pomocy, omówiono odnotowane w tych krajach najważniejsze przemiany w sferze gospodarki, rynku pracy i demografii.Analiza wykazała, że wielkość, formy i cele wsparcia ulegały zmianom. Początkowo finansowano głównie wydatki socjalne oraz związane z infrastrukturą techniczną. W kolejnych latach w większym stopniu wsparciem objęto sektor przedsiębiorstw oraz instytucje działające na rzecz badań, wdrażania innowacji i edukacji. Pomoc ta przyczyniła się do poprawy podstawowej infrastruktury wschodnich krajów związkowych, wpłynęła korzystnie na zmianę struktury gospodarki, tworzenie nowoczesnych przedsiębiorstw, zwiększenie wydatków na badania i rozwój, wzrost zatrudnienia w sektorach pozarolniczych oraz zwiększenie wydajności pracy

Regional Differentiation of The Demographic Potential in Italy and Poland

The aim of this paper is to compare the demographic potential of given Italian and Polish regions. The analysis shows that the demographic situation in Poland, unlike in Italy, is not directly related to the level of development of some regions and their geographical location. In Italy, the unfavorable demographic situation is typical of most of the less-developed southern regions, whereas in Poland it occurs in voivodships with different economic potential, situated in different parts of the country. This is probably the result of the current polycentric development of Poland, characteristic of a centralized economy, and the polar development in Italy. Certain demographic similarities, but of different levels, related to the dynamics of the population, the level of fertility, and net migration are observable in the macro-regions of Mezzogiorno and Eastern Poland

Consideration on the health risk reduction related to attainment of the new particulate matter standards in Poland:a top-down policy risk assessment

Policies can influence health of a population in various ways. Numerous epidemiological studies supported by toxicological investigations demonstrate a positive association between ambient concentrations of airborne particulate matter and increased adverse cardio-respiratory events, including morbidity and mortality. The aim of this paper was to present the concept of the top-down health policy risk assessment approach model developed to estimate the expected health risk reduction associated with policy aiming at attaining the new particulate matter ≤ 10 μm in diameter (PM10) standards in Poland. The top-down approach guides the analysis of causal chains from the policy to health outcomes. In this case study we tried to estimate the predicted health effects of the policy change over the past 20 years. Since Polish annual standard for PM10 changed from 50 μg/m3 in 1990 to 40 μg/m3 in 2010, we calculated the relative risk associated with decreasing PM10 in diameter to 10 μg/m3 in the annual level of PM10 for 6 adverse health effects. The relative risk slightly decreased for almost all adverse health effects, which means that the relative decrease in the incidence of health effects from the baseline incidence should range from about 0.5–0.6% for heart disease admissions to > 1% for respiratory admissions. The obtained results indicate that implementation of the new ambient air standards could influence improvement of the health status of Polish population. A top-down policy health risk assessment model can be one of the main tools in this process, providing harmonized guidance how to seek evidence-based information, which could serve policy-makers

Microfractography of static tensile tests fractures of 1.4539 austenitic steel and 1.4742 ferritic steel welded joints

The paper presents the results of microfractography of static tensile test fractures of welded joints of 1.4539 austenitic steel and 1.4742 ferritic steel utilized for chemical installations production. The tested types of steel resistant to corrosion indicated two different types of fracturing. In case of ferritic steel, it was brittle fracturing on the boundaries of grains, whereas, in case of austenitic steel it was plastic fracturing

The role of the EU funding in development of the regions: Cornwall and West Wales

The paper presents an attempt at evaluating the priorities and significance of the EU financial support for the development in Cornwall and West Wales between 2000 and 2018. The study was based on data from the Office for National Statistics and Eurostat. The study shows that EU financial assistance has had a positive impact on the development of Cornwall and West Wales. With this support, the regions have been modernised and were able to expand their technical as well as social infrastructure: particularly in the scope of transport; ICT networks; tourism; scientific and research institutions; and the business environment. As a result, both regions—Cornwall in particular—saw the narrowing of the development gap compared with the rest of the country in terms of per capita GDP and the employment rates. Notwithstanding these positive changes, there are still numerous issues to be addressed in both regions—the most important being the persistent low productivity of labour, low wages, and the migration outflow of people, mainly the youth

Theory of laser ion acceleration from a foil target of nanometers

A theory for laser ion acceleration is presented to evaluate the maximum ion energy in the interaction of ultrahigh contrast (UHC) intense laser with a nanometer-scale foil. In this regime the energy of ions may be directly related to the laser intensity and subsequent electron dynamics. This leads to a simple analytical expression for the ion energy gain under the laser irradiation of thin targets. Significantly, higher energies for thin targets than for thicker targets are predicted. Theory is concretized to the details of recent experiments which may find its way to compare with these results.Comment: 22 pages 7 figures. will be submitted to NJ

Multiphoton radiative recombination of electron assisted by laser field

In the presence of an intensive laser field the radiative recombination of the continuum electron into an atomic bound state generally is accompanied by absorption or emission of several laser quanta. The spectrum of emitted photons represents an equidistant pattern with the spacing equal to the laser frequency. The distribution of intensities in this spectrum is studied employing the Keldysh-type approximation, i.e. neglecting interaction of the impact electron with the atomic core in the initial continuum state. Within the adiabatic approximation the scale of emitted photon frequencies is subdivided into classically allowed and classically forbidden domains. The highest intensities correspond to emission frequencies close to the edges of classically allowed domain. The total cross section of electron recombination summed over all emitted photon channels exhibits negligible dependence on the laser field intensity.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures (Figs.2-5 have "a" and "b" parts), Phys.Rev.A accepted for publication. Fig.2b is presented correctl

Dielectronic Recombination of Ground-State and Metastable Li+ Ions

Dielectronic recombination has been investigated for Delta-n = 1 resonances of ground-state Li+(1s^2) and for Delta-n = 0 resonances of metastable Li+(1s2s ^3S). The ground-state spectrum shows three prominent transitions between 53 and 64 eV, while the metastable spectrum exhibits many transitions with energies < 3.2 eV. Reasonably good agreement of R-matrix, LS coupling calculations with the measured recombination rate coefficient is obtained. The time dependence of the recombination rate yields a radiative lifetime of 52.2 +- 5.0 s for the 2 ^3S level of Li+.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev. A; REVTeX, 4 pages, 3 figure