Pool boiling visualization on open microchannel surfaces

The paper presents visualization investigations into pool boiling heat transfer for open minichannel surfaces. The experiments were carried out wih saturated water at atmospheric pressure. Parallel microchannels fabricated by machining were about 0.3 mm wide and 0.2 to 0.4 mm deep. High-speed videos were used as an aid to understanding the heat transfer mechanism. The visualization study aimed at identifying nucleation sites of the departing bubbles and determining their diameters and frequency at various superheats

Pool boiling on rectangular fins with tunnel-pore structure

Complex experimental investigations were conducted in the area of pool boiling heat transfer on extended surfaces with internal tunnels limited by perforated foil. The experiments were carried out for water and R-123 at atmospheric pressure. The tunnel surfaces were fabricated from 0.05 – 0.1 mm thick perforated copper foil (pore diameters: 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 mm) sintered with mini-fins formed by 5 and 10 mm high rectangular fins and horizontal inter-fin surface. The effect of the main fin height, pore diameters and tunnel pitch on nucleate pool boiling was examined. Substantial enhancement of heat transfer coefficient was observed for the investigated surfaces. The highest increase in the heat transfer coefficient was obtained for the 10 mm high fins – about 50kW/m2K for water and 15 kW/m2K for R-123. The investigated surfaces showed boiling heat transfer coefficients similar to those of existing tunnel-pore structures

Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Activation of Inflammation and Apoptosis in the Neonatal Striatum After Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest

Objectives: Brain injury, leading to long-term neurodevelopmental deficits, is a major complication in neonates undergoing cardiac surgeries. Because the striatum is one of the most vulnerable brain regions, we used mRNA sequencing to unbiasedly identify transcriptional changes in the striatum after cardiopulmonary bypass and associated deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Methods: Piglets were subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest at 18°C for 30 minutes and then recovered for 6 hours. mRNA sequencing was performed to compare changes in gene expression between the striatums of sham control and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest brains. Results: We found 124 significantly upregulated genes and 74 significantly downregulated genes in the striatums of the deep hypothermic circulatory arrest group compared with the sham controls. Pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that inflammation and apoptosis were the strongest pathways activated after surgery. Chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CCL2 were the top upregulated genes with 32.4-fold, 22.2-fold, and 17.6-fold increased expression, respectively, in the deep hypothermic circulatory arrest group compared with sham controls. Concomitantly, genes involved in cell proliferation, cell-cell adhesion, and structural integrity were significantly downregulated in the deep hypothermic circulatory arrest group. Analysis of promoter regions of all upregulated genes revealed over-representation of nuclear factor-kB transcription factor binding sites. Conclusions: Our study provides a comprehensive view of global transcriptional changes in the striatum after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and found strong activation of both inflammatory and apoptotic signaling pathways in the deep hypothermic circulatory arrest group. Nuclear factor-kB, a key driver of inflammation, appears to be an upstream regulator of the majority of the upregulated genes; hence, nuclear factor-kB inhibitors could potentially be tested for beneficial effects on neurologic outcome

Konstrukcja prawna prezydentury w okresie działania Krajowej Rady Narodowej w latach 1944-1947

Manifest Lipcowy w dość zdawkowy sposób dokument ten zakreślał ramy ustrojowe komunistycznej Polski, odwołując się do postanowień obowiązującej w okresie międzywojnia Konstytucji marcowej z 1921 r. w jej pierwotnym brzmieniu. Co charakterystyczne, nie była to pełna recepcja przepisów zawartych w tejże Konstytucji, a jedynie bliżej niesprecyzowane nawiązanie do jej „podstawowych założeń”. Takie postawienie sprawy stwarzało po stronie komunistycznego prawodawcy szerokie pole swobody decyzyjnej w określaniu przyszłych formustrojowych państwa

Land grabbing. Podstawowe zagadnienia prawne

The present analysis focuses on the characteristics of the phenomenon of “land grabbing” which refers to the cross-border process of acquiring effective control over significant areas of agricultural land. Due to the extent and scale of the process, the issue of agricultural property trading leads to new challenges in the form of legal analysis, in particular with regard to the perspective of sustainable management of natural resources and food security. The assessment  of the phenomenon is also important for the existing model of the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy.Przedmiotem analizy jest charakterystyka zjawiska określanego terminem land grabbing, przez co należy rozumieć transgraniczny proces przejmowania faktycznej kontroli nad znacznymi obszarami gruntów rolnych. Zakres i skala procesu powoduje, że zagadnienie obrotu nieruchomościami rolnymi w perspektywie globalnej prowadzi do nowych wyzwań w zakresie analizy prawnej, w szczególności w perspektywie odpowiedzialnej gospodarki zasobami naturalnymi oraz bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego. Istotne znaczenie ma również płaszczyzna oceny zjawiska dla dotychczasowego modelu Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej Unii Europejskiej

The impact of European Union Common Agricultural Policy on the intensification of animal farming in Bulgaria, Romania, and the countries that have signed association agreements with the EU

*Animal farming has intensified in Bulgaria and Romania (both are middle-income countries) in recent years. Many more animals are now reared in large farms that use intensive production practices, while the number of small farms have dwindled.*This report/Guidance Memo charts the significant shift toward intensification, and explains why its key driver is the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). CAP payments and subsidies and their unequal distribution to recipients have triggered deep structural changes in the animal agriculture sector in the EU, chief of which is the livestock industry taking advantage of the favorable climate and generous handouts to intensify production.*At the same time EU animal welfare regulations are not robustly enforced and not comprehensive enough to protect all farm animals. Consumers in the EU, however, are strongly in favor of better treatment of farm animals

Glosa do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 15 stycznia 2019 r. (V CSK 298/18)

The decision deals with the issue of the use of the institution of witness exclusion in relation to a person referred to a notarial act (drawing up a will) as a trusted person pursuant to Article 87 § 1 (3) of the Law on Notary. The author presented the legal situation of the witness of the will and the person trusted in the preparation of the notarial deed, as well as the legal character of the documentation in the notarial testament of the presence of the trusted person.Postanowienie dotyczy zagadnienia stosowania instytucji wyłączenia świadka w odniesieniu do osoby przywołanej do czynności notarialnej (sporządzenia testamentu) jako osoby zaufanej na podstawie art. 87 § 1 pkt 3 ustawy Prawo o notariacie. Autor glosy przedstawił sytuację prawną świadka testamentu oraz osoby zaufanej przy sporządzaniu aktu notarialnego, jak również charakter prawny dokumentowania w testamencie notarialnym obecności osoby zaufanej

Uwagi w sprawie projektów zmian regulaminu Sejmu dotyczących trybu przeprowadzania debaty parlamentarnej

The article refers to the drafts of the standing order of the Sejm, which were submitted to the marshal of this chamber in the last couple of years. All of the presented proposals are designed to change some rules of parliamentary debate. These include: 1) equipping the candidate for the office of Prime Minister with the right to be given the floor during debate over motion of constructive no confidence vote, which is not provided in the standing order at present, 2) introducing the procedure of so called “question time” to the Polish parliamentary system, 3) equipping the presidents of the parliamentary groups (parliamentary clubs) with a right to take a floor out of turn, without being allowed by the Marshall of the Sejm. The author analyses all the solutions contained in the drafts, indicating its advantages and disadvantages (as a matter of fact some of the are drafted poorly). He supports the general direction of the proposed amendments, sharing the belief of their authors that they should help to improve Polish parliamentary system and Polish democracy as well.Artykuł dotyczy projektów regulaminu Sejmu, jakie wniesiono do laski marszałkowskiej na przestrzeni kilku ostatnich lat. Projekty te zawierają postanowienia zmierzające w kierunku dokonania zmian w obecnym modelu debaty parlamentarnej. Pojawiły się tu konkretnie trzy propozycje: 1) wyposażenia kandydata na Prezesa Rady Ministrów w prawo do wypowiadania się w trakcie dyskusji poświęconej wnioskowi o konstruktywne wotum nieufności, 2) wprowadzenia do polskiego systemu parlamentarnego procedury tzw. godziny pytań, 3) wyposażenia przewodniczących frakcji parlamentarnych (klubów parlamentarnych) w prawo do zabierania głosu w toku debaty poza kolejnością mówców, bez konieczności uzyskania zezwolenia Marszałka Sejmu. Autor dokonuje analizy uregulowań zawartych w zgłoszonych projektach, wskazując na ich zalety i wady. Z nakreślonego wywodu wynika, że zajmuje on przychylny stosunek do kierunku zarówno proponowanych zmian, jak i do leżącej u ich podstaw idei