El debate electoral entre Rubalcaba y Rajoy: un no evento discursivo en Francia

Este artículo pretende explicar por qué motivos el debate televiso electoral mantenido por Rajoy y Pérez Rubalcaba en noviembre de 2011 no constituyó un verdadero evento discursivo en los medios de comunicación franceses, y cuál fue el eco real que halló dicha confrontación en la prensa digital francesa. Para hacerlo, se analiza el discurso de los medios del país con la ayuda de métodos e indicadores lexicométricos.This article explains the reasons why the television debate held between Rajoy and Rubalcaba in November,2011 was not a real discursive event in the French media. At the same time, it is explained which was the real echo that the confrontation left in the French digital media. To do this, it is analysed the french media discourse with the help of methods and indicators that deal with the statistics related to the number of words and their concurrence within a text.peerReviewe

Human leukocyte antigen class I, class II, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha polymorphisms in a healthy elder Mexican Mestizo population

BACKGROUND: There is strong evidence that an individual's genetic background is an important predisposing factor to longevity. In the present study we analysed the frequency of HLA class I, class II, as well as the TNF-α -308 polymorphism that may be related to an increased life span in Mexican Mestizo healthy elders. RESULTS: HLA typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction sequence specific oligonucleotide (PCR SSO) reverse dot blot. The TNF-α -308 polymorphism was assessed by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism. A significant increased frequency of HLA-DRB1*11 was found in elderly women whereas this allele was not present in elderly males. The TNF2 allele was also increased in the elder group when compared to young controls. The frequencies of the remaining alleles tested were not statistically different among groups. CONCLUSION: These data suggest an ethnicity independent tendency of HLA-DRB1*11 in elder females to increase life span and a possible role of the TNF2 allele with the successful remodelling of senescent immune system

Recension de William Andy Corsaro, The Sociology of Childhood, SAGE, 2015

Recension d'un ouvrageCette quatrième édition d'un des premiers manuels consacré à la sociologie de l'enfance, initialement publié en 1997, ne saurait être une surprise, même si l'auteur semble peu connu en langue française. À notre connaissance, la seule traduction disponible en français a été publiée en 2011

Recension de Anne Barrère et François Mairesse (dir.), L'inclusion sociale. Les enjeux de la culture et de l'éducation

Recension d'un ouvrageIssu d'une journée d'étude organisée par le CERLIS (Centre de recherche sur les liens sociaux), dont sont issus la grande partie des contributeurs, ce petit ouvrage collectif souhaite présenter et interroger au sein des mondes de la culture et de l'éducation des « actions et pratiques que l'on peut ranger dans la catégorie des activités à l'insertion ou à l'inclusion sociale » (p. 24). Sans l'ambition « d'épuiser la notion » (p. 26), cet ouvrage tente de délimiter une notion « floue et aux significations incertaines » (p. 46) qui relèverait plus d'un paradigme de l'action publique que d'un concept disciplinaire (p. 7). Répond-elle à l'exclusion sociale ? Se confond-elle avec l'insertion sociale ? Quel(s) rapports avec l'intégration 1 sociale ? Autant de questions que l'introduction propose d'interroger pour saisir « l'émergence du terme [d'inclusion sociale] durant la dernière décennie du XXe siècle » (p. 7). À grands traits, elle brosse « l'apparition et la diffusion » de la notion en suivant les crises économiques et le développement du néolibéralisme, notamment en Angleterre dans les années 1990. Avec les « métamorphoses de la question sociale

Quand les enfants s'engagent…

National audienceDurant l'été 2013, une session d'observations s'est déroulée suite aux questionnements de l'atelier-directeur à propos de l'expérimentation de la « Fabrik' » l'année précédente. Au cours des débats, une réflexion a débuté autour des « projets » qui pouvaient se réaliser lors des séjours car ce terme pouvait qualifier une pluralité d'actions dont la forme commune nous échappait. On pourrait aussi ajouter que de la signification même du terme, flotte une polysémie conséquente notamment depuis l'usage considérable qu'en fait l'animation depuis les années 1980 (Bataille, 2012; Besse-Patin & David, 2013) et, plus largement dans la société non sans lien avec le monde de l'entreprise (Boutinet & Bréchet, 2014). Nous souhaitons poser un autre regard sur l'engagement des jeunes à la maison de Courcelles en le mettant en perspective avec celui des enfants comme nous le montre l'exemple de Chloé rapporté par sa mère 1. En effet, la « pédagogie de la liberté » (Bataille, 2007) offre et organise un « cadre de participation » (Goffman, 1981, pp. 137–147) singulier pour les enfants qui leur permet de s'engager de multiples façons, ou des « cadres participatifs » organisant des « formes d'engagements » (Joseph, 2002, p. 63)

Formulation and characterization of an apigenin-phospholipid phytosome (APLC) for improved solubility, in vivo bioavailability, and antioxidant potential

The apigenin-phospholipid phytosome (APLC) was developed to improve the aqueous solubility, dissolution, in vivo bioavailability, and antioxidant activity of apigenin. The APLC synthesis was guided by a full factorial design strategy, incorporating specific formulation and process variables to deliver an optimized product. The design-optimized formulation was assayed for aqueous solubility, in vitro dissolution, pharmacokinetics, and antioxidant activity. The pharmacological evaluation was carried out by assessing its effects on carbon tetrachloride-induced elevation of liver function marker enzymes in a rat model. The antioxidant activity was assessed by studying its effects on the liver antioxidant marker enzymes. The developed model was validated using the design-optimized levels of formulation and process variables. The physical-chemical characterization confirmed the formation of phytosomes. The optimized formulation demonstrated over 36-fold higher aqueous solubility of apigenin, compared to that of pure apigenin. The formulation also exhibited a significantly higher rate and extent of apigenin release in dissolution studies. The pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a significant enhancement in the oral bioavailability of apigenin from the prepared formulation, compared to pure apigenin. The liver function tests indicated that the prepared phytosome showed a significantly improved restoration of all carbon tetrachloride-elevated rat liver function marker enzymes. The prepared formulation also exhibited antioxidant potential by significantly increasing the levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and decreasing the levels of lipid peroxidase. The study shows that phospholipid-based phytosome is a promising and viable strategy for improving the delivery of apigenin and similar phytoconstituents with low aqueous solubility

Plasmid copy number underlies adaptive mutability in bacteria.

The origin of mutations under selection has been intensively studied using the Cairns-Foster system, in which cells of an Escherichia coli lac mutant are plated on lactose and give rise to 100 Lac+ revertants over several days. These revertants have been attributed variously to stress-induced mutagenesis of nongrowing cells or to selective improvement of preexisting weakly Lac+ cells with no mutagenesis. Most revertant colonies (90%) contain stably Lac+ cells, while others (10%) contain cells with an unstable amplification of the leaky mutant lac allele. Evidence is presented that both stable and unstable Lac+ revertant colonies are initiated by preexisting cells with multiple copies of the F'lac plasmid, which carries the mutant lac allele. The tetracycline analog anhydrotetracycline (AnTc) inhibits growth of cells with multiple copies of the tetA gene. Populations with tetA on their F'lac plasmid include rare cells with an elevated plasmid copy number and multiple copies of both the tetA and lac genes. Pregrowth of such populations with AnTc reduces the number of cells with multiple F'lac copies and consequently the number of Lac+ colonies appearing under selection. Revertant yield is restored rapidly by a few generations of growth without AnTc. We suggest that preexisting cells with multiple F'lac copies divide very little under selection but have enough energy to replicate their F'lac plasmids repeatedly until reversion initiates a stable Lac+ colony. Preexisting cells whose high-copy plasmid includes an internal lac duplication grow under selection and produce an unstable Lac+ colony. In this model, all revertant colonies are initiated by preexisting cells and cannot be stress induced

Engineering Evaluation of International Low Impact Docking System Latch Hooks

The international Low Impact Docking System (iLIDS) provides a structural arrangement that allows for visiting vehicles to dock with the International Space Station (ISS) (Fig 1). The iLIDS docking units are mechanically joined together by a series of active and passive latch hooks. In order to preserve docking capability at the existing Russian docking interfaces, the iLIDS latch hooks are required to conform to the existing Russian design. The latch hooks are classified as being fail-safe. Since the latch hooks are fail-safe, the hooks are not fracture critical and a fatigue based service life assessment will satisfy the structural integrity requirements. Constant amplitude fatigue testing to failure on four sets of active/passive iLIDS latch hooks was performed at load magnitudes of 10, 11, and 12 kips. Failure analysis of the hook fatigue failures identified multi-site fatigue initiation that was effectively centered about the hook mid-plane (consistent with the 3D model results). The fatigue crack initiation distribution implies that the fatigue damage accumulation effectively results in a very low aspect ratio surface crack (which can be simulated as thru-thickness crack). Fatigue damage progression resulted in numerous close proximity fatigue crack initiation sites. It was not possible to determine if fatigue crack coalescence occurs during cyclic loading or as result of the fast fracture response. The presence of multiple fatigue crack initiation sites on different planes will result in the formation of ratchet marks as the cracks coalesce. Once the stable fatigue crack becomes unstable and the fast fracture advances across the remaining ligament and the plane stress condition at a free-surface will result in failure along a 45 deg. shear plane (slant fracture) and the resulting inclined edge is called a shear lip. The hook thickness on the plane of fatigue crack initiation is 0.787". The distance between the shear lips on this plane was on the order of 0.48" and it was effectively centered about the mid-plane of the section. The numerous ratchet marks between the shear lips on the fracture initiation plane are indicative of multiple fatigue initiation sites within this region. The distribution of the fatigue damage about the centerline of the hook is consistent with the analytical results that demonstrate peak stress/strain response at the mid-plane that decreases in the direction of the hook outer surfaces. Scanning electron microscope images of the failed sections detected fatigue crack striations in close proximity to the free surface of the hook radius. These findings were documented at three locations on the fracture surface : 1) adjacent to the left shear lip, 2) adjacent to the right shear lip, and 3) near the centerline of the section. The features of the titanium fracture surface did not allow for a determination of a critical crack size via identification of the region where the fatigue crack propagation became unstable. The fracture based service life projections where benchmarked with strain-life analyses. The strainrange response in the hook radius was defined via the correlated finite element models and the modified method of universal slopes was incorporated to define the strain-life equation for the titanium alloy. The strain-life assessment confirmed that the fracture based projections were reasonable for the loading range of interest. Based upon the analysis and component level fatigue test data a preliminary service life capability for the iLIDS active and passive hooks of 2 lifetimes is projected (includes a scatter factor of 4)

Controlled release nanoparticulate matter delivery system

A controlled release nanoparticulate matter delivery system includes a plurality of thermoresponsive modules containing a respective nanoparticulate matter. Each thermoresponsive module is selectively operable in at least one of a heating mode that releases the nanoparticulate matter and a cooling mode that inhibits release of the nanoparticulate matter. A control module is in electrical communication with the plurality of thermoresponsive modules. The control module is configured to determine a temperature of each thermoresponsive module and to select the at least one heating mode and cooling mode based on the temperature. The heating and cooling mode may be selected in response to a desired dosing profile and/or a biometric condition.Board of Regents, University of Texas Syste

Extensive admixture and selective pressure across the Sahel Belt

Genome-wide studies of African populations have the potential to reveal powerful insights into the evolution of our species, as these diverse populations have been exposed to intense selective pressures imposed by infectious diseases, diet, and environmental factors. Within Africa, the Sahel Belt extensively overlaps the geographical center of several endemic infections such as malaria, trypanosomiasis, meningitis, and hemorrhagic fevers. We screened 2.5 million single nucleotide polymorphisms in 161 individuals from 13 Sahelian populations, which together with published data cover Western, Central, and Eastern Sahel, and include both nomadic and sedentary groups. We confirmed the role of this Belt as a main corridor for human migrations across the continent. Strong admixture was observed in both Central and Eastern Sahelian populations, with North Africans and Near Eastern/Arabians, respectively, but it was inexistent in Western Sahelian populations. Genome-wide local ancestry inference in admixed Sahelian populations revealed several candidate regions that were significantly enriched for non-autochthonous haplotypes, and many showed to be under positive selection. The DARC gene region in Arabs and Nubians was enriched for African ancestry, whereas the RAB3GAP1/LCT/MCM6 region in Oromo, the TAS2R gene family in Fulani, and the ALMS1/NAT8 in Turkana and Samburu were enriched for non-African ancestry. Signals of positive selection varied in terms of geographic amplitude. Some genomic regions were selected across the Belt, the most striking example being the malaria-related DARC gene. Others were Western-specific (oxytocin, calcium, and heart pathways), Eastern-specific (lipid pathways), or even population-restricted (TAS2R genes in Fulani, which may reflect sexual selection).People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013/ under REA grant agreement no. 290344 (EUROTAST). This project was also supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (13-37998S-P505). P.S. is supported by FCT (the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology), through FCT Investigator Programme (IF/01641/2013). IPATIMUP integrates the i3S Research Unit, which is partially supported by FCT. FEDER, COMPETE, and FCT fund IPATIMUP (PEst-C/SAU/LA0003/2013) and CBMA (PEst-OE/BIA/UI4050/2014