PANI and PEDOT:PSS Dip-Coating on CdS/CdTe Solar Cells

In an attempt to develop an advanced thin film solar cell high-conductive grade polyaniline (PANI) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was dipcoated onto pulsed laser deposited (PLD) cadmium sulfide (CdS)/cadmium telluride (CdTe) semiconductor substrates. In previous studies, we have determined that applying these particular polymers and compounds on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass improves the photovoltaic conversion efficiency due to a reduction of the Schottky barrier resistance. In this study, we focus on optimizing the application of PANI and PEDOT:PSS by experimenting with dip-coating procedures and the solutions from which they are applied. An additional treatment of cadmium chloride that is traditionally highly regarded for increasing photovoltaic efficiencies was also applied to the surface of each cell. The thin films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and ellipsometry techniques to verify and evaluate the successful application of their constituent materials. Electrical conductivity tests were also performed using a Keithley SourceMeter to determine photovoltaic efficiencies. Synthesis techniques, as well as structure, characterization, and efficiency results are discussed. It is also worth noting that the primary objective of this research was to produce the highest increase in solar cell efficiency possible, and not necessarily a solar cell with an impressive efficiency in of itself. Future research will involve additional SEM and EDX analysis to optimize the layers of each cell and help determine the homogeneity and elemental consistency of the polymer surface

Self-guided trails – a route to more responsible tourism?

In recent years, the tourism industry has faced criticism by turning its attention to the development of more responsible tourism. This is a form of tourism that is mindful of the diverse needs of host communities, local business and the visitor. This paper investigates the development of more responsible tourism from the perspective of a popular tourist product – the self-guided trail or route. The trail or route provides a themed and interpreted journey through the urban or rural landscape, creating links between sites, attractions and other tourism businesses by providing information and storytelling along the way. These products have a global appeal and are becoming more prolific. Through a literature review on trails, the paper analyses their key characteristics and the rationales of developers and concludes that trails have the potential to contribute to more responsible tourism development. The paper proposes a series of planning principles which are derived from the literature and examples of good practice therein which may assist trail developers in creating more responsible tourism routes and trails. The discussion concludes with a case study of a project in Cornwall in the south-west of the UK, where responsible planning has underpinned recent trail development

System-level policies on appropriate opioid use, a multi-stakeholder consensus

Background: This consensus statement was developed because there are concerns about the appropriate use of opioids for acute pain management, with opposing views in the literature. Consensus statement on policies for system-level interventions may help inform organisations such as management structures, government agencies and funding bodies. Methods: We conducted a multi-stakeholder survey using a modified Delphi methodology focusing on policies, at the system level, rather than at the prescriber or patient level. We aimed to provide consensus statements for current developments and priorities for future developments. Results: Twenty-five experts from a variety of fields with experience in acute pain management were invited to join a review panel, of whom 23 completed a modified Delphi survey of policies designed to improve the safety and quality of opioids prescribing for acute pain in the secondary care setting. Strong agreement, defined as consistent among> 75% of panellists, was observed for ten statements. Conclusions: Using a modified Delphi study, we found agreement among a multidisciplinary panel, including patient representation, on prioritisation of policies for system-level interventions, to improve governance, pain management, patient/consumers care, safety and engagement

Desigualdade da participação dos consumidores e operadoras na Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar

Social participation is an essential element for the democratic legitimization of regulatory decisions, as well as an important instrument of accountability in regulatory agencies. This article presents the results of a quantitative research carried out with the instruments of social participation of the Brazilian Regulatory Agency for Private Health Insurance and Plans, specifically the Private Health Insurance and Plans Advisory Committee, its commissions and committees, public hearings, public consultations, technical councils, and technical groups. The study sought to measure the participation of Brazilian health insurance market stakeholders within the agency. These were divided in five categories—“private health insurance companies,” “consumers,” “health care providers,” “state and ANS’ employees” and “others”—according to the interests defended in the health care market. Data was collected from documents on the use of the agency’s social participation instruments of, such as attendance lists, meeting minutes, and public reports. Results indicate a more organized and consistent participation of “private health insurance companies” and “health care providers” on the regulatory debates held by the agency, while “consumers” show a more diffuse, less organized participation and are less likely to take part in technical councils and technical groups, instruments that provide technical approach to regulatory debates.Participação social é um elemento fundamental para a legitimação democrática das decisões regulatórias, bem como é um importante instrumento de accountability nas agências reguladoras. O presente artigo apresenta os resultados de pesquisa quantitativa feita nos instrumentos de participação social da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar, especificamente na Câmara de Saúde Suplementar, comissões e comitês da agência, audiências públicas, consultas públicas, câmaras técnicas e grupos técnicos. A pesquisa teve por objetivo mensurar a participação dos stakeholders do mercado da saúde suplementar na agência. Estes foram divididos em cinco grupos – “operadoras de planos de saúde”, “consumidores”, “prestadores de serviço da área da saúde”, “estado e servidores da ANS” e “outros” – de acordo com o interesse defendido no mercado da saúde. A pesquisa baseou-se nos documentos que registraram a utilização dos instrumentos de participação social da agência, como listas de presença, atas das reuniões e relatórios públicos. Os resultados indicam uma participação mais consistente e organizada das “operadoras de planos de saúde” e “prestadores de serviço da área da saúde”, em contraste com os “consumidores”, que participam de forma mais difusa, menos organizada e estão menos propensos a participar em câmaras técnicas e grupos técnicos, que são instrumentos que propiciam uma abordagem mais técnica ao debate regulatório

System-level policies on appropriate opioid use, a multi-stakeholder consensus

Background:  This consensus statement was developed because there are concerns about the appropriate use of opioids for acute pain management, with opposing views in the literature. Consensus statement on policies for system-level interventions may help inform organisations such as management structures, government agencies and funding bodies. Methods:  We conducted a multi-stakeholder survey using a modified Delphi methodology focusing on policies, at the system level, rather than at the prescriber or patient level. We aimed to provide consensus statements for current developments and priorities for future developments. Results:  Twenty-five experts from a variety of fields with experience in acute pain management were invited to join a review panel, of whom 23 completed a modified Delphi survey of policies designed to improve the safety and quality of opioids prescribing for acute pain in the secondary care setting. Strong agreement, defined as consistent among> 75% of panellists, was observed for ten statements. Conclusions:  Using a modified Delphi study, we found agreement among a multidisciplinary panel, including patient representation, on prioritisation of policies for system-level interventions, to improve governance, pain management, patient/consumers care, safety and engagement.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Livelihoods, Wellbeing and the Risk to Life During Volcanic Eruptions

A forensic analysis of fatalities and displacements from recent volcanic eruptions (1986–2015) provides insights into factors that influence actions to protect life in high-risk environments. Unlike many other geophysical hazard events, volcanic eruptions may be prolonged, and of variable intensity. This is reflected in patterns of volcanic fatalities. A global survey reveals that 63% of primary volcanic deaths occur after the first week of activity, with >44% of these deaths associated with citizens returning to an established high-hazard zone. Evacuations during volcanic eruptions are protracted and this allows time for competing pressures to arise. Examination of detailed data from three volcanic crises (La Soufriere, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Soufrière Hills, Montserrat and Tungurahua, Ecuador) suggests that the need to preserve livelihoods plays a strong role in protecting life. A dynamic, associated with pull (e.g., protecting assets, place attachment) and push factors (e.g., poor shelter conditions), can draw evacuees to return during high-risk periods. Similar considerations can restrain people with previous experience of volcanic hazards and displacement, from evacuating. Our global analysis shows that these pressures, when coupled with forecasting uncertainties and the rapid landscape change associated with volcanic eruptions, mean that the physical and social vulnerability of populations change significantly during the course of an eruption. Ongoing risk to life is shaped by hazard experience and action; timescales of hazard escalation and their relationship to warning and action; and the timescales over which evacuation conditions are tolerable to livelihood and asset preservation, and mental and physical wellbeing in shelters