Sequential extraction of different pools of phosphorus in alluvial and acid soils of Uttarakhand

The sequencing and availability of inorganic and organic fractions of phosphorus at different days interval in two soils after the fertilizer (SSP) application was the objective of this investigation. The study helped to obtain the sequence of dominating pool of phosphorus at different days intervals and the rate of release in the soil. This sequential fractionation was used for two native soils i) Alluvial soil and ii) Acidic soil, with 0 to 80 ppm SSP/ 100 gm soil added in a pot experiment and the soil samples were analyzed at different days intervals started from 5 days to 60 days. The result revealed that amount of maximum total P fell in the range from 325.14 to 387.30 mg kg-1 and 284.60 to 330.25 mg kg-1 for alluvial soil and acid soil, respectively up to 30 days. In case of inorganic P fractions under alluvial soil the dominating species were like Ca-P > Fe-P > Al-P >Saloid-P, while under acidic soil the following order Fe-P > Al-P > Ca-P > Saloid-P was observed. These two observations also drew the concentration of organic-P fractions in soil. The work concluded that the availability of dominant phosphorus fraction up to 30 days received the maximum Ca-P concentration in alluvial soil and Fe-P up to 60 days in acidic soils, respectively

Non-Deterministic and Polynomial Time Problem Simulator

The Non-Deterministic and Polynomial Time Problem is a problem in combinatorial op-timization. Finding the quickest route for an object to travel through a list of cities and return to the starting city is the goal of this problem. Cities are listed, along with the dis-tance between each pair. It belongs to the category of computer problems known as NP-complete problems, for which no effective algorithmic solution has yet been discov-ered; at this time, there is no polynomial solution. In order to discover a near-optimal solution as quickly as possible, we attempted to tackle this extremely challenging prob-lem in this study utilizing a variety of heuristics, including Simulated Annealing and Ge-netic Algorithm. Using these sophisticated heuristic techniques, we at-tempt to depart from the local optimum

Directional cues affect the collective behaviour of Self propelled particles in one dimension

This study explores the effect of quenched disorder on the characteristic of self-propelled particles in one-dimension. Here,particles interact with disorder which serve as directional cues. The study investigates how the density of the disorder influence the emergence of ordering and clustering in the collection of the self propelled particles. We introduce the microscopic model as well as corresponding coarse-grained equations of motion for the local density and the orientation of particle. Disorder affects the macroscopic ordering in the system, the size of the ordered clusters decays algebraically with disorder. Further, the disorder also affects the clustering of particles; in the presence of disorder, a big macroscopic cluster breaks into small clusters, leads to the localization of particles around it and results in high density around the disorder