«МИНСК –ЭТО ИМЯ ДЛЯ ПУСТОТЫ…»: МИФ О БЕЛОРУССКОМ ГОРОДЕ В ПРОЗЕ АЛЬГЕРДА БАХАРЕВИЧА

The works of a modern Belarusian writer Algierd Bacharevič are closely connected with the study of the boundaries of national identity, attempts to revise national hierarchies, and playing on the field of the official Belarusian power. The characters of his novels live within the Minsk Ring Road or settle down, due to various circumstances, in regional centers. Center and periphery often change places, forcing the reader to think in terms of «provinciality». In relation to the metropolises in East or West, the capital of Belarus which lays claim to being the Belarusian cultural center looks like a place where nothing happens, and any changes come up against the archaic «stoicism» of local residents. The (post)post-Soviet Minsk in the writer's novels is deprived of a historically grounded national myth. The latter is being replaced by the myth of the city of frozen time where the characters are doomed to a torturous life among the rests of old ideology and the monuments of the past era. Building on the sometimes paradoxical denial of Minsk's role in shaping the modern identity of Belarusian people and therefore describing the city as a disharmonious system from which his characters want to escape in one way or another, the author nevertheless attempts to describe this «emptiness» by filling it with meanings and giving this lacuna a «name». The alienation in the urbanistic novels by Bacharevič is thus affected not only by the reminiscences of the Soviet era which the author witnessed personally, but also by the nationalism-centered narrative of modern Belarus which, in the eyes of an uninvolved observer, turns into a zone of cultural exclusion.Творчество современного белорусского писателя Альгерда Бахаревича тесно связанно с исследованием границ национальной идентичности, попытками пересмотра национальных иерархий, играми на поле официальной белорусской власти. Герои его романов обитают в границах «минской кольцевой», либо в силу ряда обстоятельств вынужденно обживают районные центры. Центр и периферия часто меняются местами, заставляя читателя мыслить категориями «провинциальности». Столица Беларуси, претендующая на звание белорусского культурного центра, по отношению к метрополиям на Востоке или Западе выглядит местом, где ничего не происходит, а любые изменения наталкиваются на архаичный «стоицизм» местных жителей. Пост/постсоветский Минск в романах писателя лишается исторически обоснованного национального мифа. Ему на смену приходит миф о городе застывшего времени, где герои обречены на мучительную жизнь среди идеологем и памятников прошедшей эпохи. Описывая город как дисгармоничную систему, из которую героям Бахаревича так или иначе хочется сбежать, автор тем не менее осуществляет попытку описания «пустоты», пытаясь наполнить еѐ смыслами и дать этой лакуне «имя». Отчуждению в урбанистических романах писателя таким образом подвергаются не только память о советской эпохе, свидетелем которой он был, но и националистически центрированный нарратив современной Беларуси, которая превращается для стороннего наблюдателя в зону культурного отчуждения

Synergic use of two-dimensional materials to tailor interfaces in large area perovskite modules

In the field of halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs), interface engineering has been conceptualized and exploited as a powerful mean to improve solar cell performance, stability, and scalability. In this regard, here we propose the use of a multi two-dimensional (2D) materials as intra and inter layers in a mesoscopic PSCs. By combining graphene into both compact and mesoporous TiO2, Ti3C2Tx MXenes into the perovskite absorbing layer and functionalized-MoS2 at the interface between perovskite and the hole transporting layer, we boost the efficiency of PSCs (i.e., +10%) compared to the 2D materials-free PSCs. The optimized 2D materials-based structure has been successfully extended from lab-scale cell dimensions to large area module on 121 cm2 substrates (11 x11 cm2) till to 210 cm2 substrates (14.5 x14.5 cm2) with active area efficiency of 17.2% and 14.7%, respectively. The remarkable results are supported by a systematic statistical analysis, testifying the effectiveness of 2D materials interface engineering also on large area devices, extending the 2D materials-perovskite photovoltaic technology to the industrial exploitation

Phase transition at 350 K in the Ti3_3C2_2Tx_x MXene: possible sliding (moir\'e) ferroelectricity

A phase transition is found in Ti$_3$C$_2$T$_x$ MXene at 350 K, by measuring the complex Young's modulus of self-standing thick films. A step-like softening and increase of the mechanical losses is found below 350 K, indicative of a phase transition, where the square of the order parameter is coupled to strain. It is argued that it should be a ferroelectric transition, most likely of the sliding (moir\'e) type, due to charge transfer between facing flakes sliding with respect to each other. If the transition will be confirmed to be ferroelectric, Ti$_3$C$_2$T$_x$ will be added to the class of metallic ferroelectrics and open new perspectives of applications, in addition to the numerous already studied

Mixed cation halide perovskite under environmental and physical stress

Despite the ideal performance demonstrated by mixed perovskite materials when used as active layers in photovoltaic devices, the factor which still hampers their use in real life remains the poor stability of their physico-chemical and functional properties when submitted to prolonged permanence in atmosphere, exposure to light and/or to moderately high temperature. We used high resolution photoelectron spectroscopy to compare the chemical state of triple cation, double halide Cs-x(FA(0.83)MA(0.17))(()Pb-1-(x))(I0.83Br0.17)(3) perovskite thin films being freshly deposited or kept for one month in the dark or in the light in environmental conditions. Important deviations from the nominal composition were found in the samples aged in the dark, which, however, did not show evident signs of oxidation and basically preserved their own electronic structures. Ageing in the light determined a dramatic material deterioration with heavily perturbed chemical composition also due to reactions of the perovskite components with surface contaminants, promoted by the exposure to visible radiation. We also investigated the implications that 2D MXene flakes, recently identified as effective perovskite additive to improve solar cell efficiency, might have on the labile resilience of the material to external agents. Our results exclude any deleterious MXene influence on the perovskite stability and, actually, might evidence a mild stabilizing effect for the fresh samples, which, if doped, exhibited a lower deviation from the expected stoichiometry with respect to the undoped sample. The evolution of the undoped perovskites under thermal stress was studied by heating the samples in UHV while monitoring in real time, simultaneously, the behaviour of four representative material elements. Moreover, we could reveal the occurrence of fast changes induced in the fresh material by the photon beam as well as the enhanced decomposition triggered by the concurrent X-ray irradiation and thermal heating

Decoration of laser induced graphene with MXene and manganese oxide for fabrication of a hybrid supercapacitor

During the last years, Internet of Things has become a prominent topic of technical, social, and economic importance. One of the main consequences is the high demand for energy and power density from small energy storage devices. In this field the laser induced graphene (LIG) has become a promising material to produce flexible micro-supercapacitors. The issue with this material is that the performances are strongly restrained by its limited surface area and the relatively low conductivity. In this work we improve the performance of a LIG supercapacitor by decorating its surface through electrophoresis: one electrode will be decorated with metal nitrides and metal carbides (MXenes), the other with manganese oxide. These two materials have appreciable conductivity and pseudocapacitance. Electrochemical measurements have been carried out on the two electrodes separately. After a charge balancing, the device has been sealed in pouch and tested

Mixed Cation Halide Perovskite under Environmental and Physical Stress

Despite the ideal performance demonstrated by mixed perovskite materials when used as active layers in photovoltaic devices, the factor which still hampers their use in real life remains the poor stability of their physico-chemical and functional properties when submitted to prolonged permanence in atmosphere, exposure to light and/or to moderately high temperature. We used high resolution photoelectron spectroscopy to compare the chemical state of triple cation, double halide Cs [Formula: see text] (FA [Formula: see text] MA [Formula: see text]) [Formula: see text] Pb(I [Formula: see text] Br [Formula: see text]) [Formula: see text] perovskite thin films being freshly deposited or kept for one month in the dark or in the light in environmental conditions. Important deviations from the nominal composition were found in the samples aged in the dark, which, however, did not show evident signs of oxidation and basically preserved their own electronic structures. Ageing in the light determined a dramatic material deterioration with heavily perturbed chemical composition also due to reactions of the perovskite components with surface contaminants, promoted by the exposure to visible radiation. We also investigated the implications that 2D MXene flakes, recently identified as effective perovskite additive to improve solar cell efficiency, might have on the labile resilience of the material to external agents. Our results exclude any deleterious MXene influence on the perovskite stability and, actually, might evidence a mild stabilizing effect for the fresh samples, which, if doped, exhibited a lower deviation from the expected stoichiometry with respect to the undoped sample. The evolution of the undoped perovskites under thermal stress was studied by heating the samples in UHV while monitoring in real time, simultaneously, the behaviour of four representative material elements. Moreover, we could reveal the occurrence of fast changes induced in the fresh material by the photon beam as well as the enhanced decomposition triggered by the concurrent X-ray irradiation and thermal heating

Highly efficient 2D materials engineered perovskite/Si tandem bifacial cells beyond 29%

Perovskite/Silicon tandem technology represents a promising route to achieve 30% power conversion efficiency (PCE), by ensuring low levelized costs energy. In this article, we develop a mechanically stacked 2T perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell, with subcells independently fabricated, optimized, and subsequently coupled by contacting the back electrode of the mesoscopic perovskite top cell with the texturized and metalized front contact of the silicon bottom cell. The possibility to separately optimize the two sub-cells allows to carefully choose the most promising device structure for both top and bottom cells. Indeed, semitransparent perovskite top cell performance is boosted through the use of selected two-dimensional materials to tune the device interfaces. In addition, a protective buffer layer is used to prevent damages induced by the transparent electrode sputtering deposition over the hole transporting layer. A textured amorphous/crystalline silicon heterojunction cell fabricated with a fully industrial in-line production process is here used as state of art bottom cell. The perovskite/c-Si tandem device demonstrates remarkable PCE of 28.7%. Moreover, we demonstrate the use of a bifacial silicon bottom cell, as a viable way for overcoming the current matching constrain imposed by the 2T configuration. Here, the current generation difference between perovskite and c-Si cells is compensated by exploiting the albedo radiation thanks to the bifaciality of the commercial c-Si cell used in this article. Considering standard rear irradiation, final power generation density above 32 mW/cm(2) can be achieved, paving the way for a tandem technology customable according to the final installation site

Выделение подсистем связанных функций из многоуровневого представления системы булевых функций

One of the directions of logical optimization of multilevel representations of systems of Boolean     functions is the methods based on the search of subsystems of functions that have the same parts in the domains of functions of selected subsystems. Such subsystems are called related. The good relationship of functions leads to the appearance of a large number of identical structural parts (conjunctions, algebraic expressions,  subfunctions, etc.) in optimized forms of representation of functions which are used in the construction of   combinational logic circuits. The more the functions of the selected subsystem are related, the sooner it is expected that in the representations of the functions of this subsystem will be more identical subexpressions and synthesized logic circuits will have less complexity. We describe software-implemented algorithms for extracting subsystems of related functions from a BDD    representation of a system of Boolean functions based on introduced numerical estimates of the relationship of BDD representations of functions. The relationship of Boolean functions is the presence of Boolean vectors, where the functions take the value as one, or of the same equations in BDD representations. BDD representations of Boolean functions are compact forms defining functions and are constructed as the result of Shannon decomposition of the functions of the original system (resulting from the decomposition of subfunctions) by all variables, which the functions of the original system depend on. The experiments show the effectiveness of proposed algorithms and programs in the synthesis of logic circuits from  logic elements library.Одним из направлений логической оптимизации многоуровневых представлений систем булевых функций являются методы, основанные на выделении подсистем функций, которые имеют одинаковые части в областях определения функций выделенных подсистем. Такие подсистемы называются связанными. Связанность функций приводит к появлению большого числа одинаковых структурных частей (конъюнкций, алгебраических выражений, подфункций и др.) в оптимизированных формах представления функций, по которым строятся в дальнейшем комбинационные логические схемы. Чем сильнее связаны функции выделенной подсистемы, тем скорее можно ожидать, что в представлениях функций данной подсистемы будет больше одинаковых подвыражений и синтезированные логические схемы будут иметь меньшую сложность.  Описываются программно реализованные алгоритмы выделения подсистем связанных функций из BDD-представления системы булевых функций на основе введенных численных оценок связанности BDD-представлений функций. Связанность заключается в наличии одинаковых частей в областях единичных значений функций системы либо одинаковых уравнений в BDD-представлениях. Такие представления являются компактными формами задания функций и получаются в результате разложения Шеннона функций исходной системы (и получающихся в результате разложения подфункций) по всем своим переменным. Проведенные эксперименты показывают эффективность применения предложенных алгоритмов и программ при синтезе логических схем из библиотечных логических элементов

MXene-containing composite electrodes for hydrogen evolution: material design aspects and approaches for electrode fabrication

This work explores the possibilities for the processing of Ni- and Ti3C2Tx (T = OH, O) MXene-containing composite electrodes, by co-pressing and plastic deformation or by etching of the electrodes prepared directly by self-propagation high-temperature synthesis (SHS). Various material design approaches were also explored. In order to tune the Ti3C2 interlayer distance in Ti3C2Al MAX phase, an introduction of additional Al to form Ti3C2Alz materials with z > 1 was attempted. Self-propagation high-temperature synthesis of powder mixtures with extra Ni and Al content (e.g. Ni:Ti:Al:C = 1:2:3:1) resulted in SHS products containing Ti3C2Alz z > 1 material and Ni–Al alloys. Further etching of these products in 10M NaOH allowed the direct formation of electrodes with active surface containing Ti3C2Tx (T = OH, O) MXene- and Raney nickel-containing composites. The electrochemical studies were focused on hydrogen evolution and showed the potential for boosting the electrochemical reaction in Ni and MXene-containing composite electrodes, especially at high current densities. The guidelines for the processing of such electrodes under fluorine-free conditions are proposed and discussed.publishe

Complex Study of Magnetization Reversal Mechanisms of FeNi/FeMn Bilayers Depending on Growth Conditions

Magnetization reversal processes in the NiFe/FeMn exchange biased structures with various antiferromagnetic layer thicknesses (0–50 nm) and glass substrate temperatures (17–600◦C) during deposition were investigated in detail. Magnetic measurements were performed in the temperature range from 80 K up to 300 K. Hysteresis loop asymmetry was found at temperatures lower than 150 K for the samples with an antiferromagnetic layer thickness of more than 10 nm. The average grain size of FeMn was found to increase with the AFM layer increase, and to decrease with the substrate temperature increase. Hysteresis loop asymmetry was explained in terms of the exchange spring model in the antiferromagnetic layer. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Minobrnauka: FEUZ-2020-0051; Agentúra na Podporu Výskumu a Vývoja, APVV: APVV-20-0324Funding: This work has been supported by the grant of the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No APVV-20-0324. This work was in part financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Subject of the state task No. FEUZ-2020-0051. The electron microscopy investigations were carried out on the equipment of Krasnoyarsk Regional Center of Research Equipment of Federal Research Center «Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS»