THE IMPACT ON ADULT ATTITUDES TO HOUSES OF CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES OF HOME

This paper discusses how childhood experiences of one's house have consequences in adulthood, particularly in respect to preferences for openness and closedness of the house. Openness and closedness refers to the apparent transparency of division between interior parts of a house and between the inside and outside of a house. The hypothesis for this study is that the interior spaces of a house (including form, material and dimensions) and the degree of their perceived openness and closedness have an important effect during childhood, as it is one of the most important experiences of non verbal communication with the world, society and family. The hypothesis also includes that the child's experience of the degree of openness and closedness in the arrangement of the house becomes embedded in the child's memory and that this experience will show its effect in attitudes toward house and home in adulthood

Carbon and greenhouse gas balances in an age sequence of temperate pine plantations

© Author(s) 2014. This study investigated differences in the magnitude and partitioning of the carbon (C) and greenhouse gas (GHG) balances in an age sequence of four white pine (Pinus strobus L.) afforestation stands (7, 20, 35 and 70 years old as of 2009) in southern Ontario, Canada. The 4-year (2004-2008) mean annual carbon dioxide (CO2) exchanges, based on biometric and eddy covariance data, were combined with the 2-year means of static chamber measurements of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes (2006-2007) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export below 1 m soil depth (2004-2005). The total ecosystem C pool increased with age from 46 to 197 t C ha-1 across the four stands. Rates of organic matter cycling (i.e. litterfall and decomposition) were similar among the three older stands. In contrast, considerable differences related to stand age and site quality were observed in the magnitude and partitioning of individual CO2 fluxes, showing a peak in production and respiration rates in the middle-age (20-year-old) stand growing on fertile post-agricultural soil. The DOC export accounted for 10% of net ecosystem production (NEP) at the 7-year-old stand but <2% at the three older stands. The GHG balance from the combined exchanges of CO2, CH4 and N2O was 2.6, 21.6, 13.5 and 4.8 t CO2 equivalent ha-1 yearg-1 for the 7-, 20-, 35- and 70-year-old stands, respectively. The maximum annual contribution from the combined exchanges of CH4 and N2O to the GHG balance was 13 and 8% in the 7- and 70-year-old stands, respectively, but <1% in the two highly productive middle-age (20- and 35-year-old) stands. Averaged over the entire age sequence, the CO2 exchange was the main driver of the GHG balance in these forests. The cumulative CO2 sequestration over the 70 years was estimated at 129 t C and 297 t C ha-1 yearg-1 for stands growing on low- and high-productivity sites, respectively. This study highlights the importance of accounting for age and site quality effects on forest C and GHG balances. It further demonstrates a large potential for net C sequestration and climate benefits gained through afforestation of marginal agricultural and fallow lands in temperate regions

FindSampo Platform for Reporting and Studying Archaeological Finds Using Citizen Science

This paper introduces the FindSampo platform for reporting and studying archaeological finds on the Semantic Web. FindSampo brings together members of the public, scientists, cultural heritage managers, and archaeologists utilising citizen science mediated by Linked Open Data and emerging Web development technologies. Our focus is on reporting technical results on designing the user interface and its evaluation in a field test.Peer reviewe

Carbon, water and energy exchange dynamics of a young pine plantation forest during the initial fourteen years of growth

This study presents the energy, water, and carbon (C) flux dynamics of a young afforested temperate white pine (Pinus strobus L.) forest in southern Ontario, Canada during the initial fourteen years (2003–2016) of establishment. Energy fluxes, namely, net radiation (Rn), latent heat (LE), and sensible heat (H) flux increased over time, due to canopy development. Annual values of ground heat flux (G) peaked in 2007 and then gradually declined in response to canopy closure. The forest became a consistent C-sink only 5 years after establishment owing in part to low respiratory fluxes from the former agricultural, sandy soils with low residual soil organic matter. Mean annual values of gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), ecosystem respiration (RE), and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) ranged from 494 to 1913, 515 to 1774 and −126 to 216 g C m−2 year−1 respectively, over the study period. Annual evapotranspiration (ET) values ranged from 328 to 429 mm year−1 over the same period. Water use efficiency (WUE) increased with stand age with a mean WUE value of 3.92 g C kg−1 H2O from 2008 to 2016. Multivariable linear regression analysis conducted using observed data suggested that the overall, C and water dynamics of the stand were primarily driven by radiation and temperature, both of which explained 77%, 48%, 28%, and 76% of the variability in GEP, RE, NEP, and ET, respectively. However, late summer droughts, which were prevalent in the region, reduced NEP. The reduction in NEP was enhanced when summer drought events were accompanied by increased heat such as those in 2005, 2012 and 2016. This study contributes to our understanding of the energy, water and C dynamics of afforested temperate conifer plantations and how these forests may respond to changing climate conditions during the crucial initial stage of their life cycle. Our findings also demonstrate the potential of pine plantation stands to sequester atmospheric CO2 in eastern North America

Löytösampo: semanttinen kansalaistieteeseen perustuva tiedonkeruujärjestelmä arkeologisten löytöjen raportointia ja tutkimista varten

Today with the increasingly growing popularity of the Internet and information technologies, organisations have started to use collective intelligence and networked communities to collect, analyse and interpret data. This thesis is a part of the Finnish Archaeological Finds Recording Linked Open Database (SuALT) project that aims to develop a digital Web service catering for archaeological finds made by members of the public by engaging everyone interested in archaeology. In this thesis, an innovative prototype called FindSampo designed and implemented to provide a platform for reporting and studying archaeological finds for the SuALT project adopting a mobile-first and user-centred design. It aspired to bring together members of the public, scientists, cultural heritage managers and archaeologist utilising citizen science mediated by Semantic Web and emerging Web development technologies. Furthermore, it reviewed the literature on crowdsourcing, citizen science, Linked Data and also other European archaeological resource portals. The work of this thesis contributes to reporting and studying archaeological finds by providing a platform that combines the advantages of the existing ones and utilises citizen science, Semantic Web and emerging Web development technologies. The evaluation of the prototype and user experience surveys reveal that the platform improves significantly archaeological data collection, analysis and interpretation processes. Furthermore, it provides further research opportunities by visualising archaeological data as well as improving its availability and accessibility.Internetin ja informaatioteknologioiden suosion kasvun myötä organisaatiot ovat alkaneet hyödyntää kansalaisten yhteisöllistä kiinnostusta ja osaamista kerätäkseen, analysoidakseen ja tulkitakseen dataa. Tämä diplomityö on osa hanketta nimeltä Suomen arkeologisten löytöjen linkitetty avoin tietokanta (SuALT), joka pyrkii rakentamaan verkkoympäristön tiedon ja rakenteellisen metadatan keräämiseen yhteistyössä kansalaisten kanssa. Tässä diplomityössä suunniteltiin ja toteutettiin prototyyppi nimeltään Löytösampo, joka tarjoaa alustan arkeologisten löytöjen ilmoittamiseen ja opiskeluun. Sovellus omaksuu ensisijaisesti mobiililaitteille tarkoitettuja käyttäjäkeskeisen suunnittelun periaatteita. Löytösampo pyrki yhdistämään museoviranomaisia, tutkijoita, arkeologeja ja tavallisia kansalaisia hyödyntäen kansalaistiedettä, semanttista webiä ja uusia web-kehitys työkaluja. Lisäksi tässä työssä tehtiin kirjallisuuskatsaus joukottamisesta, kansalaistieteestä, linkitetystä datasta ja vastaavista muista eurooppalaisista arkeologisista järjestelmistä. Tässä diplomityössä on kehitetty arkeologinen alusta, joka vie nykyiset arkeologiset järjestelmät askeleen eteenpäin. Se yhdistäää nykyisten järjestelmien hyvät puolet ja lisäksi hyödyntää kansalaistiedettä, semanttista webiä ja uusia verkkokehitysteknologioita. Käyttäjäkokemusten perusteella prototyyppi parantaa huomattavasti arkeologisen datan keräämis-, analysointi- ja tulkintaprosesseja. Lisäksi se tarjoaa uusia tutkimusmahdollisuuksia visualisoimalla arkeologista dataa ja parantamalla sen tehokkuutta ja käytettävyyttä