Breast lumps in service women

AbstractIntroductionBreast cancer is uncommon in a young population but it does occur. 80% of breast cancer occurs after 50 yrs of age. This article uses current guidelines and evidence to advise military medical staff on how best to investigate and manage servingage women presenting with breast symptoms. Male breast changes will be dealt with in a future article.Differential DiagnosisYoung females presenting with breast lumps are unlikely to have cancer. In order of frequency the causes are likely to be benign breast change; fibroadenoma; abscesses in 20-30 year olds; cysts in 30-40 year olds; and lastly cancer. The UK sees 48,000 new cases of breast cancer in women every year; breast cancer can also occur in men but is very rare.Diagnosis and ManagementManagement in the deployed, primary and secondary care settings are described. It may be reasonable in young women to wait and see if a lump resolves after the patient’s next menstrual cycle before referring the patient. Once referred, current guidelines recommend that all patients are seen by a breast surgeon within two weeks. Within this group, a subgroup of patients with ‘red-flag’ lumps is identified who need to be referred urgently. The remaining patients have lumps that can be considered non-urgent: however, hospitals will still endeavour to see these patients within two weeks..ConclusionsBreast cancer is more difficult to diagnose in the younger patient. In primary care, breast lumps are still simple to manage if the points in this article are followed. Anxious patients can be reassured that cancer is unlikely. However, cancer in this young age group is associated with worse outcomes than breast cancer in older patients.</jats:sec

A high-throughput method for the quantitative analysis of auxins

Auxin measurements in plants are critical to understanding both auxin signaling and metabolic homeostasis. The most abundant natural auxin is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). This protocol is for the precise, high-throughput determination of free IAA in plant tissue by isotope dilution analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The steps described are as follows: harvesting of plant material; amino and polymethylmethacrylate solid-phase purification followed by derivatization with diazomethane (either manual or robotic); GC-MS analysis; and data analysis. [¹³C₆]IAA is the standard used. The amount of tissue required is relatively small (25 mg of fresh weight) and one can process more than 500 samples per week using an automated system. To extract eight samples, this procedure takes ∼3 h, whether performed manually or robotically. For processing more than eight samples, robotic extraction becomes substantially more time efficient, saving at least 0.5 h per additional batch of eight samples