THE RELEVANCE OF MACNEIL'S RELATIONAL NORMS TO UNDERSTAND THE EXIT OF A INTERORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIP

Relationship marketing has been gaining an increasing interest in the marketing community for the past ten years. Some authors define relationship building and management as the core of the marketing process (Grönroos, 1994), others view it as a way to build up effective competitive advantages especially when potential for differentiation is weak, such as in services (e.g., Day, 2000). Although the volume of conceptual and empirical researches on relationship marketing is impressive, few attempts have been made to explain the dissolution of a relationship (Dwyer et al., 1987; Stewart, 1998; Tähtinen, 1999). Unfortunately a marketing relationship cannot be defined as an ever-ending love story! The objective of this paper is to test the relevance of a conceptual framework to understand this dissolution process: the relational norms. It has been originally developed by Macneil to understand legal contracts (Macneil, 1980). According to Macneil, there exists a set of transactional as well as relational norms to understand an economic exchange between two partners. The former include nine contractual norms, the latter encompasses four relational norms, namely role integrity, solidarity, flexibility and supra contractual norms. This set of relational norms has been successfully used to explain the effectiveness of marketing relationships (e.g., Paulin, Perrien & Ferguson, 1997). In this research we intended to test if these relational norms can be applied to explain a dissolution process. Thirteen dyads of account managers and managers of businesses in the mid-market were interviewed. These interviews showed the contingency of Macneil's norms. They also demonstrated the major role played by relational norms both in developing and maintaining and in deteriorating and ending a relationship. Based on this qualitative phase, a questionnaire was developed. Doing so, we empirically test the relevance of relational norms in explaining relationship termination on a sample of 98 small businesses.Macneil; relational norms; relationship dissolution

Les déterminants de la confiance en marketing : Panorama, questions en suspens et pistes de recherche.

confiance; confiance de la distribution; confiance du consommateur;

LES APPORTS DE LA THEORIE DU CONTRAT SOCIAL A L'EXPLICATION DES RUPTURES DE RELATIONS DE LONG TERME ENTRE ORGANISATIONS : UNE APPLICATION AUX RELATIONS BANQUES/PME

This paper tests the relevance of a conceptual framework to understand interorganizational relationship terminations: Macneil's contractual norms. Thirteen dyads of bank account managers and small and medium businesses managers were interviewed. We also empirically tested the relevance of contractual norms in explaining relationship termination on a sample of 106 small businessesCet article vise à montrer la pertinence du cadre d'analyse des normes contractuelles de Macneil pour expliquer les ruptures de relations de long terme entre organisations. Pour ce faire des entretiens ont été conduits sur 13 dyades chargés d'affaires/représentants de PME. Une analyse quantitative a ensuite été conduite sur 300 PME

THE RELEVANCE OF MACNEIL'S RELATIONAL NORMS TO UNDERSTAND THE EXIT OF A INTERORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIP

Relationship marketing has been gaining an increasing interest in the marketing community for the past ten years. Some authors define relationship building and management as the core of the marketing process (Grönroos, 1994), others view it as a way to build up effective competitive advantages especially when potential for differentiation is weak, such as in services (e.g., Day, 2000). Although the volume of conceptual and empirical researches on relationship marketing is impressive, few attempts have been made to explain the dissolution of a relationship (Dwyer et al., 1987; Stewart, 1998; Tähtinen, 1999). Unfortunately a marketing relationship cannot be defined as an ever-ending love story! The objective of this paper is to test the relevance of a conceptual framework to understand this dissolution process: the relational norms. It has been originally developed by Macneil to understand legal contracts (Macneil, 1980). According to Macneil, there exists a set of transactional as well as relational norms to understand an economic exchange between two partners. The former include nine contractual norms, the latter encompasses four relational norms, namely role integrity, solidarity, flexibility and supra contractual norms. This set of relational norms has been successfully used to explain the effectiveness of marketing relationships (e.g., Paulin, Perrien & Ferguson, 1997). In this research we intended to test if these relational norms can be applied to explain a dissolution process. Thirteen dyads of account managers and managers of businesses in the mid-market were interviewed. These interviews showed the contingency of Macneil's norms. They also demonstrated the major role played by relational norms both in developing and maintaining and in deteriorating and ending a relationship. Based on this qualitative phase, a questionnaire was developed. Doing so, we empirically test the relevance of relational norms in explaining relationship termination on a sample of 98 small businesses

Le relationnel bancaire : Diagnostic et évaluation des stratégies mises en place.

Ce papier a pour objectif d'examiner les stratégies organisationnelles implantées par les banques pour réussir leur migration vers une approche relationnelle. la logique transactionnelle délaissée au profit d'une plus relationnelle, requiert plusieurs conditions organisationnelles et technologiques préalables qui ont été analysées auprès de succursales bancairesThis research proposes a discussion of the current challenges met by the banking sector while shifting from a transactional to a relational marketing. Much is known about the organizational and technological requirements of any tansition to a customer oriented strategy,but litle was written about the results and pitfalls of the first leading experiencesTechnologie; Gestion de la relation client; Evaluation; Implantation bancaire; Approche relationnelle; Organisation;

Novel methods for microCT-based analyses of vasculature in the renal cortex reveal a loss of perfusable arterioles and glomeruli in eNOS-/- mice

BACKGROUND: Two-dimensional measures of vascular architecture provide incomplete information about vascular structure. This study applied a novel rigorous method for 3D microCT-based analysis of total and cortical renal vasculature combined with a novel method to isolate and quantify the number of perfused glomeruli to assess vascular changes in eNOS-/- mice. METHODS: Two month old male wildtype and eNOS-/- mice were perfused with heparinized saline followed by radiopaque Microfil. The Microfil-perfused vasculature of excised kidneys was imaged by μCT with an isotropic voxel-size of 5.0 μm. For analysis of renal cortical vasculature, a custom algorithm was created to define the cortical volume of interest (VOI) as the entire volume within 600 μm of the renal surface. Vessel thickness in the whole kidney or renal cortex was analyzed by plotting the distribution of vascular volume at each measured thickness and examining differences between the genotypes at individual thicknesses. A second image processing algorithm was created to isolate, identify, and extract contrast perfused glomeruli from the cortical vessels. RESULTS: Fractional vascular volume (vascular volume/kidney volume; VV/KV) and Vessel Number/mm (V.N) were significantly lower in eNOS-/- mice vs. WT (p < 0.05). eNOS-/- kidneys had significantly fewer perfusable vessels vs. WT in the range of 20–40 μm in thickness. The cortex of eNOS-/- kidneys had significantly lower VV, VV/cortical volume, and V.N, with an increase in the distance between vessels (all p < 0.05). The total volume of vessels in the range of 20–30 μm was significantly lower in the cortex of eNOS-/- mice compared to WT (p < 0.05). Moreover, the total number of perfused glomeruli was significantly decreased in eNOS-/- mice (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The methods presented here demonstrate a new method to analyze contrast enhanced μCT images for vascular phenotyping of the murine kidney. These data also demonstrate that kidneys in eNOS-/- mice have severe defects in vascular perfusion/structure in the renal cortex

The proto‐oncogene function of Mdm2 in bone

Mouse double minute 2 (Mdm2) is a multifaceted oncoprotein that is highly regulated with distinct domains capable of cellular transformation. Loss of Mdm2 is embryonically lethal, making it difficult to study in a mouse model without additional genetic alterations. Global overexpression through increased Mdm2 gene copy number (Mdm2Tg) results in the development of hematopoietic neoplasms and sarcomas in adult animals. In these mice, we found an increase in osteoblastogenesis, differentiation, and a high bone mass phenotype. Since it was difficult to discern the cell lineage that generated this phenotype, we generated osteoblast‐specific Mdm2 overexpressing (Mdm2TgOb) mice in 2 different strains, C57BL/6 and DBA. These mice did not develop malignancies; however, these animals and the MG63 human osteosarcoma cell line with high levels of Mdm2 showed an increase in bone mineralization. Importantly, overexpression of Mdm2 corrected age‐related bone loss in mice, providing a role for the proto‐oncogenic activity of Mdm2 in bone health of adult animals

The impact of menopause on bone, zoledronic acid, and implications for breast cancer growth and metastasis

Recent data from the AZURE, ABCSG-12, and ZO-FAST clinical trials have challenged our understanding of the potential anticancer activity of zoledronic acid (ZOL). Although the results of these studies may appear to be conflicting on the surface, a deeper look into commonalities among the patient populations suggest that some host factors (i.e. patient age and endocrine status) may contribute to the anticancer activity of ZOL. Indeed, data from these large clinical trials suggest that the potential anticancer activity of ZOL may be most robust in a low-estrogen environment. However, this may be only part of the story and many questions remain to be answered to fully explain the phenomenon. Does estrogen override the anticancer activity of ZOL seen in postmenopausal women? Are hormones other than estrogen involved that contribute to this effect? Does the role of bone turnover in breast cancer (BC) growth and progression differ in the presence of various estrogen levels? Here, we present a review of the multitude of factors affected by different endocrine environments in women with BC that may influence the potential anticancer activity of ZOL

Undergoing Mindful Action to Transform Environments & Relationships (UMATTER): A School-Based Health Education & Health Promotion Program to Reduce LGBTQ+ Youth Suicidality in Idaho’s West Ada School District

The high prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide death among youth in Idaho presents an urgent public health problem. In 2020, suicide was the leading cause of death for Idahoans ages 15-24 (World Life Expectancy, 2021). Of particular concern are the disproportionate health outcomes experienced by LGBTQ+ youth. In the U.S., LGBTQ+ youth are three times more likely to experience suicidal ideation than their peers, and one LGBTQ+ person between the ages of 13 and 24 attempts suicide every 45 seconds (The Trevor Project, 2021b; The Williams Institute, 2020). Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model, the Undergoing Mindful Action to Transform Environments & Relationships (UMATTER) program has been developed to combat this problem. UMATTER aims to prevent suicidal ideation and suicide deaths in LGBTQ+ sixth to eighth grade students in the West Ada School District and will do so via health education and health communication. Through early intervention, UMATTER will build a foundation for preventative mental health care that will not only reduce suicidality but allow the children of the Treasure Valley to experience a lifetime of good health. Keywords: LGBT; LGBTQ; LGBTI; SOGI; SOGIESC; sexual orientation; gender identity; queer; mental health; suicidality; youth; middle school; school-based program; suicide prevention; suicidal ideation; social emotional learning; SEL; Idaho; Boise; Treasure Valley; rural

Studying mentors and mentoring from a learner-centered perspective

Teacher candidates, while completing their student teaching internship, are part of an important teaching-and-learning triad. The other members of the triad, mentor teachers and university field instructors, provide essential support to teacher candidates throughout the student teaching internship experience (Yee, 1968). Recent research has examined the roles of mentor teachers and university field instructors. Not as much is understood, however, about the moments or experiences teacher candidates recognize as when they learned the most about teaching. With retirements increasing and as much as 50% leaving the field within the first five years of teaching (Shwartz & Dori, 2016), there is an urgency in studying, and hopefully improving, novice teacher support systems. In this dissertation, I explore the moments or experiences teacher candidates recognize as insightful and valuable from their student teaching experience, from the perspective of four recent student teachers. Using phenomenology as a method of inquiry (Giorgi, 1985), data were collected through phenomenological interviews of four teacher candidates after they completed a year-long student teaching internship. These interviews tell the story of teacher candidates becoming through learning (Hodkinson et al., 2008). Findings indicate that framing problems of practice within practical situations, situations that likely occur in an elementary classroom, positively influence teacher candidates' learning. The practice of adaptative mentoring (van Ginkel et al., 2015) provides opportunities for mentor teachers to support teacher candidates as they learn about teaching practice, while also helping them with emotional and practical concerns. Ultimately, I argue that grounding mentoring in both the how and why of teaching, along with adapting to the individual needs of teacher candidates, provides supportive opportunities for teacher candidates' learning.Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Curriculum, Instruction, and Teacher Education, 2022Includes bibliographical references (pages 94-100