All the Lizards Stand and Say “Yes Yes Yes” : The Element of Play in Legal Actions against Animals and Inanimate Objects

Legal actions against non-humans (whether animals or objects) were once widespread. They were viewed seriously and undoubtedly served important social functions. This article considers the possibility that some of these actions may have been playful as well. Certain aspects of legal actions against animals and objects-- occasional moments of levity, a preoccupation with formal rules, and a strong emphasis on imaginative transformation-- suggest that these actions had elements of play. The possibility is worth considering for two reasons. First, it may shed some light on a practice that has perplexed and disturbed commentators for centuries. Second, an examination of play in the trials of animals and objects may serve as a starting point for examining our own attitudes towards our legal system

Molecular Formula Identification using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Algorithms and Applications in Metabolomics and Proteomics

Wir untersuchen mehrere theoretische und praktische Aspekte der Identifikation der Summenformel von Biomolekülen mit Hilfe von hochauflösender Massenspektrometrie. Durch die letzten Forschritte in der Instrumentation ist die Massenspektrometrie (MS) zur einen der Schlüsseltechnologien für die Analyse von Biomolekülen in der Proteomik und Metabolomik geworden. Sie misst die Massen der Moleküle in der Probe mit hoher Genauigkeit, und ist für die Messdatenerfassung im Hochdurchsatz gut geeignet. Eine der Kernaufgaben in der MS-basierten Proteomik und Metabolomik ist die Identifikation der Moleküle in der Probe. In der Metabolomik unterliegen Metaboliten der Strukturaufklärung, beginnend bei der Summenformel eines Moleküls, d.h. der Anzahl der Atome jedes Elements. Dies ist der entscheidende Schritt in der Identifikation eines unbekannten Metabolits, da die festgelegte Formel die Anzahl der möglichen Molekülstrukturen auf eine viel kleinere Menge reduziert, die mit Methoden der automatischen Strukturaufklärung weiter analysiert werden kann. Nach der Vorverarbeitung ist die Ausgabe eines Massenspektrometers eine Liste von Peaks, die den Molekülmassen und deren Intensitäten, d.h. der Anzahl der Moleküle mit einer bestimmten Masse, entspricht. Im Prinzip können die Summenformel kleiner Moleküle nur mit präzisen Massen identifiziert werden. Allerdings wurde festgestellt, dass aufgrund der hohen Anzahl der chemisch legitimer Formeln in oberen Massenbereich eine exzellente Massengenaugkeit alleine für die Identifikation nicht genügt. Hochauflösende MS erlaubt die Bestimmung der Molekülmassen und Intensitäten mit hervorragender Genauigkeit. In dieser Arbeit entwickeln wir mehrere Algorithmen und Anwendungen, die diese Information zur Identifikation der Summenformel der Biomolekülen anwenden

Establishment of educational electronic publications as one of the strategic directions of improving the quality of training graduates

Качество обучения зависит от совершенства учебного материала, формы его представления и организации учебного процесса. В традиционной схеме обучения возникает множество проблем, связанных с постоянно возрастающим потоком информации, усложнением знаний, отсутствием иллюстрационного материала. Внедрение компьютера в учебный процесс дает возможность создать богатый справочный и иллюстративный материал в самом разнообразном виде.The quality of training depends on the excellence of educational material, its presentation and organization of educational process. In the traditional scheme of education face many challenges with a constantly increasing flow of information, complexity of knowledge, lack of illustrative material. The introduction of the computer in the learning process makes it possible to create a rich background and illustrative material in the most diverse form

Учебный ситуационный центр — инструмент интерактивных образовательных технологий в высшей школе

The authors, working at universities in various fields, consider the feasibility of educational situation centers in the process of development of natural sciences disciplines.Авторы статьи, работая в вузах различного профиля, рассматривают целесообразность внедрения учебных ситуационных центров (УСЦ) в процесс освоения дисциплин естественнонаучного цикла

Totalitarianism and geography: L.S. Berg and the defence of an academic discipline in the age of Stalin

In considering the complex relationship between science and politics, the article focuses upon the career of the eminent Russian scholar, Lev Semenovich Berg (1876–1950), one of the leading geographers of the Stalin period. Already before the Russian Revolution, Berg had developed a naturalistic notion of landscape geography which later appeared to contradict some aspects of Marxist–Leninist ideology. Based partly upon Berg's personal archive, the article discusses the effects of the 1917 revolution, the radical changes which Stalin's cultural revolution (from the late 1920s) brought upon Soviet science, and the attacks made upon Berg and his concept of landscape geography thereafter. The ways in which Berg managed to defend his notion of geography (sometimes in surprisingly bold ways) are considered. It is argued that geography's position under Stalin was different from that of certain other disciplines in that its ideological disputes may have been regarded as of little significance by the party leaders, certainly by comparison with its practical importance, thus providing a degree of ‘freedom’ for some geographers at least analogous to that which has been described by Weiner (1999. A little corner of freedom: Russian nature protection from Stalin to Gorbachev. Berkeley: University of California Press) for conservationists. It is concluded that Berg and others successfully upheld a concept of scientific integrity and limited autonomy even under Stalinism, and that, in an era of ‘Big Science’, no modernizing state could or can afford to emasculate these things entirely

Гражданская правосубъектность унитарных предприятий

The article describes the main point of the legal personality of Russian public and municipal unitary enterprises, its character and differents from other commercial organizations in accordance with The Russian Federation Civil law.В статье раскрывается сущность гражданской правосубъектности унитарных предприятий, ее особенности и отличия от иных коммерческих организаций в соответствии с гражданским законодательством Российской Федерации

Evolution of surface defects in platinum alloy wire under drawing

The shape and chemical composition of particles polluting the surface of ultrafine wire made of the platinum Pt92.5Pd4Rh3.5 alloy has been revealed by electron microscopy and microspectral analysis. The phenomenon of the appearance of pores in the particles, which are elongated in the direction of drawing, has been discovered. The problem of calculating the stress-strain state is stated by the finite element method. After solving the problem, it is demonstrated that the appearance of additional defects is related to the proportion of stresses in the scheme of metal forming by drawing. © 2017 Author(s).The work was done within the State Task, theme No. 01201375904, and financially supported by the RF Government, No. 211 (contract No. 02.A03.21.0006)

PLASTIC DEFORMATIONS IN THE SILVER WIRE SCALPING

Выполнены измерения микротвердости скальпированной проволоки из серебра. Показана интенсивность прироста микротвердости по мере съема слоев, что говорит о проникновении пластической деформации в приповерхностные слои заготовки. Сделан прогноз о возможном снижении температуры начала рекристаллизации для этих слоев металла.The microhardness of scalped silver wire is measured. The intensity of the microhardness increment is shown as the layers are removed, which indicates the penetration of plastic deformation into the near-surface layers of the billet. A prognosis is made about a possible decrease in the temperature of the onset of recrystallization for these metal layers

THE STRUCTURAL DEFECTS IN THE PLATINUM WIRE MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Выполнено исследование процессов дефектообразования в технологии производства проволоки из платины марки Пл 2 разных диаметров: 1,2 мм, 60 и 40 мкм. Приведены данные микроспектрального анализа поверхности проволоки, сформулированы причины появления ряда дефектов.The processes of the defects formation were carried in the technology of the wire production from the Pl 2 platinum alloy. There were the different diameters: 1.2 mm, 60 μm and 40 μm. In this article the data of wire surface micro spectral analysis were shown, the reasons of the formation defects were formulated

DISPERSION CHARACTERISTICS OF GOLD WIRE RELATIVE DECREASE

Measurements of the relative narrowing of gold wire Zl 99.99 along the route of drawing are made. The presence of a decrease in the level of plasticity with a gradual increase in this value was observed with further thinning of the wire. The minimum point corresponds approximately to the point of dispersion maximum. A hypothesis is advanced on the development of the process of softening when the critical degree of deformation is accumulated.Выполнены измерения относительного сужения золотой проволоки Зл 99,99 по маршруту волочения. Выявлено наличие понижения уровня пластичности с постепенным увеличением этой величины при дальнейшем утонении проволоки. Точка минимума соответствует примерно точке максимума дисперсии. Высказана гипотеза о развитии процесса разупрочнения при накоплении критической степени деформации