A systematic review of evidence to inform HIV prevention interventions among men who have sex with men in Europe.

An estimated 42% of all newly diagnosed HIV cases in Europe in 2013 were transmitted during sex between men. This review was performed to identify and describe studies evaluating the efficacy and effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions among men who have sex with men (MSM), in relation to implementation data from European settings. A systematic search was performed individually for 24 interventions.Data were extracted from studies including efficacy or implementation data from European settings,appraised for efficacy, implementation and plausibility, and assigned a grade (1-4) according to the Highest Attainable Standard of Evidence (HASTE)framework. Four interventions (condom use, peer outreach,peer-led groups, and using universal coverage of antiretroviral treatment and treatment as prevention)were assigned the highest HASTE grade, 1. Another four interventions were assigned 2a for probable recommendation, including voluntary counseling and testing for HIV, using condom-compatible lubricant,using post-exposure prophylaxis, and individual counselling for MSM living with HIV. In addition, seven interventions were assigned a grade of 2b, for possible recommendation. Encouragingly, 15 interventions were graded to be strongly, probably or possibly recommended.In the relatively resource-rich European setting, there is an opportunity to provide global leadership with regard to the regional scale-up of comprehensive HIV prevention interventions for MSM

Cervicogenic Headache: A Manual Therapy Approach

The cervical spine was first suggested as an origin for headache almost 200 years ago. Since then, the etiology of headaches arising from the cervical spine has remained controversial and confusing. Cervicogenic headache is often confused as tension or common migraine headache, therefore presenting a great diagnostic .and therapeutic challenge for the physical therapist. The clinical physical therapist must have a strong background in anatomy and biomechanics of the cervical spine in order to assess and determine the involvement of the cervical spine as a primary or secondary factor in the individual\u27s complaint of headache. This knowledge is also necessary for effective use of mobilization techniques on the cervical spine, which have been proven effective in the treatment of cervicogenic headache. The purpose of this independent study was to review existing literature with focus on the anatomy, biomechanics, evaluation, and effective mobilization techniques for cervicogenic headache. Structures innervated by the C1 - C3 spinal nerves are implicated as sources of noxious stimuli converging on the trigeminocervical nucleus and causing cervicogenic headache. The neuroanatomical bases of cerviocogenic headache, diagnostic criteria, evaluation strategies and appropriate mobilization techniques for relief of . cervicogenic headache are discussed in this independent study

Towards standardized definitions for monitoring the continuum of HIV care in Europe

International audienceThe continuum of HIV care is a simple conceptual framework for monitoring HIV programmes, comprising a series of stages that people living with HIV (PLHIV) pass through to access antiretroviral treatment (ART) and achieve viral suppression [1,2]. Individual benefits of suppression include reduced risk of morbidity and mortality. At the population level, viral suppression reduces the risk of onward transmission and enables epidemic containment [3]. Transmission risk may be further reduced by lowering the number of undiagnosed PLHIV [4,5]. Complete continua are, therefore, constructed beginning with the total number of PLHIV in a given population and ending with the number virally suppressed. Intervening stages have included the numbers diagnosed, linked to HIV care, retained in care, eligible for ART, on ART and adhering to ART. Although people can move between stages, the continuum is typically conceptualized as a ‘snapshot’ at one time-point

Social Engineering: How U.S. Businesses Strengthen the Weakest Link against Cybersecurity Threats

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological qualitative study was to investigate how IS professionals working in U.S. businesses make sense of their lives and experiences as they address and prevent vulnerabilities to social engineering attacks. This larger problem was explored through an in-depth study of social engineering and its effect on IS professionals working in U.S. businesses operating within healthcare, financial services, and educational industries across the central and northwest regions of Louisiana. Through its use of a phenomenological research design, the study bridged a gap in the social engineering literature, which was primarily comprised of studies that utilized a quantitative methodology. The use of a qualitative approach allowed participants to give voice to their beliefs, thoughts, and motivations about the work they do. The findings, consisting of ten themes and two subthemes, present the essence of experience of six IS professionals addressing and preventing social engineering vulnerabilities in their workplace. The findings revealed that the lived experience of protecting an organization from social engineering attacks involves the unification of people across the enterprise to develop a strong security-minded culture. Additionally, participants shared two primary beliefs, (1) that social engineering attacks would never be eradicated and (2) that IS professionals depend on everyone in the organization to protect the organization from social engineering attacks. The study offers recommendations to IS professionals, business leadership, HR professionals, educators, consultants, vendors, and researchers

HIV continuum of care in Europe and Central Asia.

OBJECTIVES: The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) supports countries to monitor progress in their response to the HIV epidemic. In line with these monitoring responsibilities, we assess how, and to what extent, the continuum of care is being measured across countries. METHODS: The ECDC sent out questionnaires to 55 countries in Europe and Central Asia in 2014. Nominated country representatives were questioned on how they defined and measured six elements of the continuum. We present our results using three previously described frameworks [breakpoints; Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 targets; diagnosis and treatment quadrant]. RESULTS: Forty countries provided data for at least one element of the continuum. Countries reported most frequently on the number of people diagnosed with HIV infection (37; 93%), and on the number in receipt of antiretroviral therapy (ART) (35; 88%). There was little consensus across countries in their approach to defining linkage to, and retention in, care. The most common breakpoint (>19% reduction between two adjacent elements) related to the estimated number of people living with HIV who were diagnosed (18 of 23; 78%). CONCLUSIONS: We present continuum data from multiple countries that provide both a snapshot of care provision and a baseline against which changes over time in care provision across Europe and Central Asia may be measured. To better inform HIV testing and treatment programmes, standard data collection approaches and definitions across the HIV continuum of care are needed. If countries wish to ensure an unbroken HIV continuum of care, people living with HIV need to be diagnosed promptly, and ART needs to be offered to all those diagnosed

Estimating HIV incidence and number of undiagnosed individuals living with HIV in the European Union/European Economic Area, 2015

Helena Cortes Martins, Departamento de Doenças Infeciosas do Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IPSince 2011, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence appears unchanged in the European Union/European Economic Area with between 29,000 and 33,000 new cases reported annually up to 2015. Despite evidence that HIV diagnosis is occurring earlier post-infection, the estimated number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) who were unaware of being infected in 2015 was 122,000, or 15% of all PLHIV (n=810,000). This is concerning as such individuals cannot benefit from highly effective treatment and may unknowingly sustain transmission.Members of the ECDC HIV/AIDS Surveillance and Dublin Declaration Monitoring Networks: Portugal: Kamal Mansinho, Helena Cortes Martins, Teresa Melo.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Prayer: An Examination of the Scriptures as to the Rules and Purposes Pertaining to this Part of the Divine Worship

Authored by Hyram Pharris of Gainesboro, Tennessee.https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/heritage_center/1011/thumbnail.jp

Estimating HIV incidence and the undiagnosed HIV population in the European Union / European economic area

ECDC HIV/AIDS Surveillance and Dublin Declaration Networks participants: Portugal - Helena Cortes Martins (INSA).Each year, about 30,000 people are newly diagnosed with HIV in the 31 countries of the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA). We aimed to estimate the number of people living with undiagnosed HIV in the entire EU/EEA and in four sub-regions.N/

Responding to Adverse Childhood Experiences: The Science of Hope as a Framework for Action

Research has long supported that Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are linked with reductions in well-being across the lifespan. However, less is known about the best practices for intervening with ACE to buffer the long-term negative effects beyond clinical settings. The current paper proposes that the positive psychology construct of hope offers guidance for understanding and responding to ACEs. We propose a theoretical model for developing a hope-centered and trauma-informed framework for responding to the deleterious effects for ACEs. The paper closes by calling on social work researchers, educators, and those in practice to learn more about the relationship between ACEs and hope and use that knowledge to help us better assist ACE survivors