Comparative MFA of protein rich aquafeed ingredients: can Norwegian seaweed dethrone Brazilian soybean?

Improving sustainability in agriculture and aquaculture production systems is paramount to global food security and maintaining healthy, diverse ecosystems. One way to reduce pressure on terrestrial food production systems is looking towards the ocean for food production. With its extensive coastline and intensive salmon aquaculture, Norway is experimenting with macroalgae as a new feedstock for a circular bio-economy. The PROMAC research project was launched in 2015 to assess the Norwegian capacity to produce efficiently macroalgal food and feed commodities. This thesis is a part of the environmental analysis performed in PROMAC, and contributes by comparing the environmental performances of two similar aquafeed ingredients: Brazilian Soy Protein Concentrate (SPC) and Norwegian Seaweed Protein Concentrate (SWPC). The efficiency and sustainability of these two production systems is assessed using a comparative Material and Substance Flow Analysis accounting for the transfers of primary energy and phosphorus. While a life cycle assessment study is used to model the cultivation of soybeans in Brazil, cultivation data from a single Norwegian seaweed farm is the primary data input to the seaweed cultivation model. Both systems were modelled with sets of assumptions and generic datasets. To compare commodities with similar protein contents, the primary energy and phosphorus footprints of one ton of SPC is compared to two tons SWPC. The primary energy footprint of SWPC (172,133 MJ) is 11.68 times larger than for SPC (14,733 MJ). However, the SWPC footprint can be reduced to 34,010 MJ by utilizing secondary heat from a waste incineration plant during the late spring harvest. The SWPC system outperformed the SPC system in terms of fossil P footprinting, since one ton of SPC requires 25.75 kg fossil P while two tons of SWPC require as little as 0.008 kg fossil P input. Furthermore, results indicate that, while soybean co-products reduce SPC environmental impacts, SWPC co-product biofertilizers can replace the production of mineral fertilizers at a ratio of nearly 1:1 and reduces the SWPC fossil P -into negative values, -26.36 kg. The overall conclusion of this study is that SWPC holds a competitive advantage based on P management performances, however, replacing SPC will be difficult and require serious innovation and optimization to become energy competitive

Alien Registration- Roccadano, Philis (Auburn, Androscoggin County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/30358/thumbnail.jp

Life cycle assessment of sea lice treatments in Norwegian net pens with emphasis on the environmental tradeoffs of salmon aquaculture production systems

The development of food production systems and the adoption of diets with lower environmental burdens are critical to mitigate the threats from climate change and the erosion of biodiversity and ecosystems. Many consider seafood to be a viable alternative source of animal protein to the most polluting types of ruminant production, such as cattle and sheep. Farmed salmon is a popular finfish providing an alternative to meat, appreciated for its taste, the quality of its proteins, and its sources of marine omega 3. Despite significantly lower life cycle impacts than most land-based animal production, the salmon aquaculture industry faces substantial environmental challenges. In Norway, large production volumes concentrated in open marine cages led to the chronic contaminations of coastal areas by viruses and parasites. This reduces production efficiency, fish welfare and threatens the stocks of wild salmon. Permanent sea lice infestations in net pens force farmers to use new delousing methods, exacerbating the situation. The Norwegian aquaculture industry is unable to increase its production output sustainably and finds itself at a crossroads. Farmers are investing in alternative land-based and sea-based aquaculture systems without a comprehensive understanding of the environmental tradeoffs involved. This work intends to improve our understanding of the environmental strengths and weaknesses of salmon aquaculture systems. I used Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in most of my research to account for environmental impacts generated through life cycles and value chains. First, I reviewed the salmon LCA literature and applied a simple parametric statistical protocol to compare the LCA results of different salmon systems across studies. Then, I conducted LCA of the biological, mechanical, and chemical lice treatments used by the Norwegian aquaculture industry. The rationale for this work was the recent transformation of the treatment mix and the exclusion of treatments' impacts from the LCA of net pen salmons. Finally, I used the LCA of warmwater fish RAS farming in Sweden from Bergman and colleagues and an innovative winter fallowing to control sea-lice infestations in net pens suggested by Stene and colleagues to discuss the tradeoffs and future of aquaculture systems in Norway. Despite small data samples and multiple confounding factors, the cross-study statistical comparison was successful for some portions of the data. I demonstrate that (1) sea-based systems require significantly less energy than land-based systems, (2) land-based systems have a significantly lower feed conversion ratio than sea-based systems, and (3) closed systems likely have a significantly lower eutrophying potential than open systems. Norwegian farmers' current lice treatment mix adds significant life cycle impacts to net pen salmons, especially for the carbon, marine toxicity, and energy footprints. The main impact drivers are the increased salmon mortality, the fuel use from ships, the production of hydrogen peroxide, and the construction of mechanical treatment units. However, preliminary observations suggest that adding the treatment impacts to the life cycle impacts of net pen salmons will have a negligible effect on system comparisons. Regarding the LCA methodology itself, I argue in favor of more data reusability and interoperability using the lice treatments LCA to showcase the possibility of sharing openly human and machine-readable inventories while respecting confidentiality agreements. I also highlight the limitations of LCA for the comparison of aquaculture systems, particularly with regards to impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems, and fish welfare. Finally, based on the current state of knowledge, I argue against the large-scale development of land-based, offshore, and closed sea-based systems envisioned by some stakeholders in Norway. I recommend testing nature’s strategy suggested by Stene and colleagues to mitigate sea lice challenges and improve the environmental profile of open sea-based systems. A low technology solution like this could allow the industry to increase its production output by keeping more fish in the cages alive

Weavers of the Southern Highlands

Weaving centers led the Appalachian Craft Revival at the beginning of the twentieth century. Soon after settlement workers came to the mountains to start schools, they expanded their focus by promoting weaving as a way for women to help their family’s financial situation. Women wove thousands of guest towels, baby blankets, and place mats that found a ready market in the women’s network of religious denominations, arts organizations, and civic clubs. In Weavers of the Southern Highlands , Philis Alvic details how the Fireside Industries of Berea College in Kentucky began with women weaving to supply their children’s school expenses and later developed student labor programs, where hundreds of students covered their tuition by weaving. Arrowcraft, associated with Pi Beta Phi School at Gatlinburg, Tennessee, and the Penland Weavers and Potters, begun at the Appalachian School at Penland, North Carolina, followed the Berea model. Women wove at home with patterns and materials supplied by the center, returning their finished products to the coordinating organization to be marketed. Dozens of similar weaving centers dotted mountain ridges. A cornucopia of information about weaving, the crafts revival, benevolent work, and gender in Appalachia. . . . Scholars in Appalachian studies, women\u27s studies, and folklore, along with weavers and other crafts persons will find this book\u27s arsenal of data indispensable. --Appalachian Journal Describes, defends, and celebrates the schools and workshops that made the towels, place mats, coverlets, and baby blankets that decorated middle-class homes from the 1900s through the 1940s. --Journal of Southern History Alvic has provided a well-documented and comprehensive history of the Appalachian Craft Revival that began in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and continues to the present. --Shuttle, Spindle & Dyepot Recovers a lost history of Appalachian weavers. Alvic shows how the development of weaving centers and the revival of weaving became the foundation of the craft revival movement in the region. --Helen Lewis Alvic knows more about the revival of weaving in Southern Appalachia during the missionary era, as well as about the art of weaving, about looms, patterns, dyes, yarns, and the marketing of handwoven fabrics, than anyone I know. She has written a literate, informative, thoroughly researched book about the history of this movement. --Loyal Jones, former director of the Appalachian Center at Berea College “The first book to present the institutional history of weaving in Appalachia…In addition to contributing an important historical resource, there are other reasons to recommend Weavers of the Southern Highlands. It is meticulously researched and well illustrated with one hundred period photographs. There are also maps, notes, and a comprehensive bibliography.”—Journal of Appalachian Studies Alvic offers a detailed and in-depth look at the art, craft, history, and business of weaving traditions throughout the region. --Goldensealhttps://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_appalachian_studies/1001/thumbnail.jp

Eliza Calvert Hall, \u3ci\u3eA Book of Hand-Woven Coverlets\u3c/i\u3e, and Collecting Coverlet Patterns in Early Twentieth Century Appalachia

In her 1912 book, Eliza Calvert Hall describes looking out of her window and seeing coverlets thrown over tobacco wagons on way to market. She would run out and try to bargain with the owner for the coverlet. She collected coverlets, their design names, and their patterns. Since Hall supported herself with her writing, she counted on her coverlet book appealing to the wide audience of people interested in the Colonial Revival in home decoration. Although hall published the book, she was just the more visible of those interested in coverlets during the early twentieth century. Throughout Appalachia, there were women, some originally from the area and others working there, who collected coverlet patterns. Many of these women knew each other and supported each other’s efforts to train weavers to reproduce coverlets in a form of early economic development for Appalachia. In Kentucky, Katherine Pettit, the founder of the Hindman Settlement School and the Pine Mountain Settlement School, and Anna Ernberg, Director of the Fireside Industries at Berea College collected patterns and ran weaving businesses. In Tennessee, Sarah Doughterty, who traced her lineage in the mountains to Revolutionary War times, wove many of the coverlet patterns she gathered as part of her family business, the Shuttle-Crafters. In North Carolina, a Presbyterian missionary, Francis Goodrich, was fascinated by a Bowknot Coverlet and embarked on finding weavers, seeking out patterns, and promoting passing down skills to the next generation. Weaving signaled the beginning of the Appalachian Craft Revival as dozens of weaving centers provided income to continue to inspire weavers, coverlet collectors, and textile enthusuasts

Comparing Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Salmonid Aquaculture Production Systems: Status and Perspectives

Aquaculture is the fastest growing food sector worldwide, mostly driven by a steadily increasing protein demand. In response to growing ecological concerns, life cycle assessment (LCA) emerged as a key environmental tool to measure the impacts of various production systems, including aquaculture. In this review, we focused on farmed salmonids to perform an in-depth analysis, investigating methodologies and comparing results of LCA studies of this finfish family in relation to species and production technologies. Identifying the environmental strengths and weaknesses of salmonid production technologies is central to ensure that industrial actors and policymakers make informed choices to take the production of this important marine livestock to a more sustainable path. Three critical aspects of salmonid LCAs were studied based on 24 articles and reports: (1) Methodological application, (2) construction of inventories, and (3) comparison of production technologies across studies. Our first assessment provides an overview and compares important methodological choices. The second analysis maps the main foreground and background data sources, as well as the state of process inclusion and exclusion. In the third section, a first attempt to compare life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) data across production technologies was conducted using a single factor statistical protocol. Overall, findings suggested a lack of methodological completeness and reporting in the literature and demonstrated that inventories suffered from incomplete description and partial disclosure. Our attempt to compare LCA results across studies was challenging due to confounding factors and poor data availability, but useful as a first step in highlighting the importance of production technology for salmonids. In groups where the data was robust enough for statistical comparison, both differences and mean equalities were identified, allowing ranking of technology clusters based on their average scores. We statistically demonstrated that sea-based systems outperform land-based technology in terms of energy demand and that sea-based systems have a generally higher FCR than land-based ones. Cross-study analytics also strongly suggest that open systems generate on average more eutrophying emissions than closed designs. We further discuss how to overcome bottlenecks currently hampering such LCA meta-analysis. Arguments are made in favor of further developing cross-study LCA analysis, particularly by increasing the number of salmonid LCA available (to improve sample sizes) and by reforming in-depth LCA practices to enable full reproducibility and greater access to inventory data.publishedVersion© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Alien Registration- Roccadano, Philis (Auburn, Androscoggin County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/30358/thumbnail.jp

EVALUASI PENGOPERASIAN MOBILE PRESENSI DI DINAS PENDIDIKAN PEMUDA DAN OLAHRAGA KABUPATEN GUNUNGKIDUL

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengoperasian Mobile Presensi yang dilaksanakan di Dinas Pendidikan Pemuda dan Olahraga Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Komponen yang dievaluasi meliputi: (1) kesesuaian dengan Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP); (2) data input Pegawai Negeri Sipil; (3) proses presensi; (4) hasil rekapitulasi kehadiran; (5) hambatan pengoperasian. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian evaluasi dengan model CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) dengan sasaran Pegawai Negeri Sipil Dinas Pendidikan Pemuda dan Olahraga Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Validitas instrumen diperoleh dengan menggunakan nilai r hasil Pearson Correlations dari program aplikasi SPSS 20.0 for Windows. Reliabilitas instrumen dihitung dengan teknik Kuder Richardson (KR20). Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis statistik persentase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) komponen Context dengan indikator kesesuaian dengan SOP menunjukkan angka persentase 96.18% dan termasuk dalam kategori sangat berhasil; (2) komponen Input dengan indikator data PNS menunjukkan angka persentase 98.83% dan termasuk dalam kategori sangat berhasil; (3) komponen Process dengan indikator proses presensi menunjukkan angka persentase 95.90% dan termasuk dalam kategori sangat berhasil; (4) komponen Product dengan indikator hasil rekapitulasi kehadiran menunjukkan angka persentase 94.43% dan termasuk dalam kategori sangat berhasil; (5) hambatan dalam pengoperasian antara lain hambatan error, hambatan koneksi internet, hambatan tidak munculnya titik koordinat, dan hambatan pengguna. Kata Kunci: evaluasi, Mobile Presensi, CIP

Breaking Away from Reverence and Rape: The AFI Directing Workshop for Women, Feminism, and the Politics of the Accidental Archive

In 1974, the American Film Institute opened the Directing Workshop for Women (DWW). Trying to normalize the idea of a woman director, the program admitted nineteen women, providing each one with the materials to direct two films. Focusing on the DWW\u27s first cycle, this article argues that the DWW\u27s history is a vehicle for understanding the complex ways in which moderate and radical feminists interpreted the role of the women\u27s rights movement in the commercial film industry by examining the controversy and media attention that surrounded it, as well as the ways in which race, class, and fame operated to impact the DWW\u27s significance both in Hollywood and in the individual experiences of each participant