PRODUCTION ECONOMICS AND MARKETING OF POTATO IN OKHALDHUNGA, NEPAL

Potato is a major staple food crops in the hilly region of Nepal. To assess the production economics and marketing of potato, a study was conducted at Siddicharan municipality and Molung rural municipality of Okhaldhunga, Nepal in 2019. Altogether 60 samples, 30 from each location were selected randomly. Economic analysis was performed through cost benefit analysis and Cobb Douglas Production function. Among the different variety used by the farmers, Kufri Jyoti was the most preferred variety. The main constraints in potato production were shortage of irrigational structure followed by low information on use of chemical fertilizer, lack of labor at the time of harvesting, insufficient quantity of manure, prevalence of middle man, high cost of transportation, and unavailability of improved seed. The mean difference between the farm gate price and market price of Siddicharan and Molung was 7.33 and 5.96, respectively, which were statistically significant at p<0.1. The overall average benefit cost ratio was found to be 1.23 in which Siddicharan and Molung had BC ratio of 1.55 and 0.99, respectively, which was significant at p<0.01 which indicated that farming in Molung was not profitable. Overall the seed cost, labor cost, FYM cost, and bullocks cost should be increased by 900%, 186.95%, 101.88%, and 626.31%, respectively, and chemical cost, machinery cost, and transportation cost should be decreased by 99.98%, 73.11%, and 99.57%, respectively. Return to scale was found to be 0.227 which implies that it was increasing at decreasing rate of return

Adaptive tunicate swarm optimization with partial transmit sequence for phase optimization in MIMO-OFDM

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) are widely utilized in wireless systems and maximum data rate communications. The MIMO-OFDM technology increases the efficiency of spectrum utilization. The peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) minimization in MIMO-OFDM is a complex task in wireless communications systems. In this research, an adaptive tunicate swarm optimization with partial transmit sequence (ATSO-PTS) algorithm is proposed for a reduction of PAPR in MIMO-OFDM. The nonsquare-matrix-based differential space time coding (N-DSTC) scheme is used for the encoding and decoding process of MIMO-OFDM. The N-DSTC encoding and decoding are linear error-correcting codes that are utilized for message transmission over noisy channels. The pre-specified quadrate phase shift keying (QPSK) symbol is deployed for the modulation and demodulation scheme. On the receiver side, the serial to parallel (S/P) conversion, and fast Fourier transform (FFT) are accomplished, alongside the received data bits being demodulated to obtain the output bits. The proposed ATSO-PTS method achieves better results according to performance metrices PAPR, bit error rate (BER) and signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), with values of about 2.9, 0.01 and 0.025, respectively. This ensures superior results when compared to the existing methods of twin symbol hybrid optimization applied to partial transmit sequence (TSHO-PTS), selective level mapping and PTS (SLM-PTS), and particle swarm and grey wolf (PS-GW) with PTS, respectively

Effectiveness of Normal Saline Flush versus Heparin Saline Flush in Maintaining the Patency of Peripheral Intravenous Cannula and on Occurrence of Intravenous Local Vascular Complications in Patients Receiving Intermittent Intravenous Medications

A study was conducted to assess and evaluate the effectiveness of normal saline flush versus Heparin saline flush (10 IU) in maintaining the patency of Peripheral intravenous cannula and on occurrence of intravenous local vascular complications in patients receiving intermittent intravenous (IV) medications. True experimental research approach with multiple treatments, pre-test post-test control group design was used. Purposive sampling technique was adopted; 90 patients who met the sampling criteria were assigned randomly to experimental group 1 (normal saline flush), experimental group 2 (heparin saline flush) and control group. Results showed that there was a significant association between patency of peripheral IV cannula and flushing. There was a significant association between Normal saline and Heparin saline group. There was a significant difference in mean IV local vascular complication score of all 3 groups with the highest mean score of control group. There was no significant difference between mean IV complication scores of normal saline and heparin saline group. The study revealed that flushing of IV cannula is very effective and normal saline and heparin saline flush (10 unit) are equally effective in maintaining the patency of peripheral IV cannula and preventing the occurrence of local vascular complications.</jats:p

On Some Metric Spaces, Their Properties And Applications

In 1956 Aronszajn and Panitchpakdi found that the necessary and sufficient condition which guarantees the extension of a uniformly continuous mapping T (with a subadditive modulus of continuity) between two metric spaces is that the range of T has to be hyperconvex. Since then these spaces have played an important role among metric spaces. Also the Kuratowski measure of noncompactness introduced in 1930 has important applications in various areas of mathematics, for instance, in nonlinear differential equations in Banach spaces and fixed point theory. In this thesis, we will define some new metrics on the plane R2 and we will study the properties of the space R2 with these metrics from the point of view of hyperconvexity, measure of noncompactness and completeness. We will also give the solution of an open problem concerning hyperconvexity of a space via the measure of noncompactness of bounded sets in such a metric space

Impact of Culture Condition Modulation on the High-Yield, High-Specificity, and Cost-Effective Production of Terpenoids from Microbial Sources: a Review

Recent years have seen a remarkable increase in the nonnatural production of terpenoids by the microbial route. This is due to advancements in synthetic biology tools and techniques, which have overcome the challenges associated with the nonnative production of terpenoids from microbial hosts.</jats:p