Pathogenetische Faktoren der Reflux-assoziierten chronischen Erkrankung der Lunge : die Magenentleerungszeit

Ein gastroösophagealer Reflux, der keine gastroenterologischen Symptome wie Erbrechen oder saure Regurgitation zeigt, kann im Kindesalter chronische Erkrankungen der Lunge auslösen. Typische Krankheitsbilder sind hierbei zum Beispiel Asthma bronchiale oder rezidivierende Bronchitiden. Die Inzidenz hierfür beträgt 1 : 300 bis 1 : 500. Für die Entstehung eines gastroösophagealen Reflux wird ein multifaktorielles Geschehen diskutiert. So kann zum Beispiel ein verminderter Druck des unteren Ösophagussphinkters, eine verminderte Leistung der Clearancefunktion des Ösophagus, eine pathologische Magensäuresekretion und auch eine verlängerte Entleerung des Magens ursächlich sein. Studien haben einen Zusammenhang zwischen einer pathologischen Magenentleerungszeit und einem symptomatischen gastroösophagealen Reflux beschrieben. Ein primärer Defekt wird hierbei in einer Motilitätsstörung vermutet, da ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen pathologischen Magenentleerungszeiten und Dysrhythmien (abnormen elektrischen Potentialen) des Magens beschrieben ist. Bisher ist kein diagnostisches Verfahren bekannt, dass mit hoher Sensitivität und Spezifität das Vorliegen eines gastroösophagealen Reflux beweist. Vielmehr umfasst die derzeitige Diagnostik lediglich Teilaspekte der Erkrankung und liefert uneinheitliche Bilder. Bei insgesamt 25 Kindern mit Lungenproblemen bedingt durch einen gastroösophagealen Reflux wurde die Magenentleerungszeit, eine 2 Punkt-pH Metrie, eine obere Magendarmpassage sowie eine quantitative Bestimmung von fettbeladenen Alveolarmakrophagen im Rahmen einer Bronchoskopie erhoben. Im Gegensatz zur bisher üblichen Bestimmung der Magenentleerungszeit per Szintigraphie konnten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die Werte mit einem 13C-Acetat- Atemtest gemessen werden. Eine pathologische Magenentleerungszeit wurde bei ungefähr der Hälfte der Patienten dargestellt. Obwohl ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Magenentleerungszeit und anderen Untersuchungsbefunden vermutet wurde, konnte keine signifikante Korrelation aufgezeigt werde. Alle Testverfahren lieferten unterschiedliche Ergebnisse. Bei keinem Kind mit klinisch gesichertem gastroösophagealen Reflux waren alle erhobenen Parameter pathologisch. Die Verteilung der Ergebnisse erfolgte auch im grenzpathologischen Bereich nicht signifikant. Als Grund hierfür kann vermutet werden, dass der gastroösophageale Reflux bei Kindern unterschiedliche Ursachen hat. So könnte eine pathologische Magenentleerungszeit bei einem Teil der Kinder ursächlich sein oder im Vordergrund stehen, während andere pathologische Korrelate das gleiche Krankheitsbild verursachen. Die Diagnosestellung eines gastroösophagealen Reflux bei Kindern mit pulmonaler Symptomatik kann somit nur mit hinweisenden Untersuchungen erfolgen, bei denen auch Widersprüche geduldet werden müssen.Gastro-oesophageal reflux without gastroenterological symptoms such as vomiting or sour regurgitation can cause chronical illness of the lung in the childhood. Typical examples are asthma bronchiale or recurrent bronchitis, the overall incidence of lung problems related to gastro-oesophageal reflux is 1: 300 to 1: 500. To explain the pathophysiological process of gastro-oesophageal reflux multiple factors are being discussed. The pressure of the lower oesophageal sphincter, a decreased oesophageal clearance, a pathological gastric secretion, and delayed gastric emptying can be responsible. Different studies have described the relation between a pathological gastric emptying time and a gastro-oesophageal reflux with lung diseases, but its pathophysiologic role has not yet been established. Motility disorders are seen as important factors because significant relations between delayed gastric emptying and dysrhythmia (abnormal electric potentials) of the stomach have been described. Until present no diagnostic procedures with a high sensitivity and specificity to prove a gastro-oesophageal reflux are known. Present diagnostic techniques only cover some aspects of the illness and generate non-uniform results. 25 children suffering from gastro-oesophageal reflux related lung diseases were included into the study. In all of these gastric emptying time tests, a 24h oesophageal pH-monitoring, an upper stomach intestine passage and a quantitative testing of lipid laden alveolar macrophages were performed. In contrary to previous studies the gastric emptying time was measured with a 13Cacetate breath test. In half of the patients delayed gastric emptying was documented. Although a relation between the gastric emptying time and other tests was assumed, no statistical significance was found. All test procedures supplied different results. No patient with gastro-oesophageal reflux had a pathological result in all performed tests. The distribution of results was also non-significant in the border pathological range. It can be assumed that there are different reasons for gastro-oesophageal reflux in children. In some children a pathological gastric emptying time causes the problems whereas other pathological disorders may cause similar symptoms. Diagnostics of gastro-oesophageal reflux in children with pulmonal symptoms can only take place with referring examinations. Contradictions have to be accepted

Ertragsstabilität im Ökolandbau: Wo steht die Forschung?

Despite the importance of yield stability in organic agriculture, little quantitative information is currently available on the factors limiting stability or on optimal approaches for improving it. Research so far indicates that organic systems are not always more stable than conventional systems; which system is more stable is likely to depend on the spatial and temporal scale of stability and on the measure of stability used. We show that opportunities for quantifying yield stability in organic farming lie in the targeted coordination of existing data networks within the organic community in order to increase yield stability on farms and beyond

Magnetic circular dichroism spectra from resonant and damped coupled cluster response theory

A computational expression for the Faraday A term of magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) is derived within coupled cluster response theory and alternative computational expressions for the B term are discussed. Moreover, an approach to compute the (temperature-independent) MCD ellipticity in the context of coupled cluster damped response is presented, and its equivalence with the stick-spectrum approach in the limit of infinite lifetimes is demonstrated. The damped response approach has advantages for molecular systems or spectral ranges with a high density of states. Illustrative results are reported at the coupled cluster singles and doubles level and compared to time-dependent density functional theory results.Comment: Submitted to J. Chem. Phys. on May 10, 202

Parametric Bootstrap Methods for Testing Multiplicative Terms in GGE and AMMI Models

The genotype main effects and genotype-by-environment interaction effects (GGE) model and the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model are two common models for analysis of genotype-by-environment data. These models are frequently used by agronomists, plant breeders, geneticists and statisticians for analysis of multi-environment trials. In such trials, a set of genotypes, e.g. crop cultivars, are compared across a range of environments, e.g. locations. The GGE and AMMI models use singular value decomposition to partition genotype-by-environment interaction into an ordered sum of multiplicative terms. This article deals with the problem of testing the significance of these multiplicative terms in order to decide how many terms to retain in the final model. We propose parametric bootstrap methods for this problem. Models with fixed main effects, fixed multiplicative terms and random normally distributed errors are considered. Two methods are derived: a full and a simple parametric bootstrap method. These are compared with the alternatives of using approximate F-tests and cross-validation. In a simulation study based on four multi-environment trials, both bootstrap methods performed well with regard to Type I error rate and power. The simple parametric bootstrap method is particularly easy to use, since it only involves repeated sampling of standard normally distributed values. This method is recommended for selecting the number of multiplicative terms in GGE and AMMI models. The proposed methods can also be used for testing components in principal component analysis

Unraveling spatiotemporal variability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a temperate grassland plot

© The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Goldmann, K., Boeddinghaus, R. S., Klemmer, S., Regan, K. M., Heintz-Buschart, A., Fischer, M., Prati, D., Piepho, H., Berner, D., Marhan, S., Kandeler, E., Buscot, F., & Wubet, T. Unraveling spatiotemporal variability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a temperate grassland plot. Environmental Microbiology, 22(3),(2020): 873-888, doi:10.1111/1462-2920.14653.Soils provide a heterogeneous environment varying in space and time; consequently, the biodiversity of soil microorganisms also differs spatially and temporally. For soil microbes tightly associated with plant roots, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), the diversity of plant partners and seasonal variability in trophic exchanges between the symbionts introduce additional heterogeneity. To clarify the impact of such heterogeneity, we investigated spatiotemporal variation in AMF diversity on a plot scale (10 × 10 m) in a grassland managed at low intensity in southwest Germany. AMF diversity was determined using 18S rDNA pyrosequencing analysis of 360 soil samples taken at six time points within a year. We observed high AMF alpha‐ and beta‐diversity across the plot and at all investigated time points. Relationships were detected between spatiotemporal variation in AMF OTU richness and plant species richness, root biomass, minimal changes in soil texture and pH. The plot was characterized by high AMF turnover rates with a positive spatiotemporal relationship for AMF beta‐diversity. However, environmental variables explained only ≈20% of the variation in AMF communities. This indicates that the observed spatiotemporal richness and community variability of AMF was largely independent of the abiotic environment, but related to plant properties and the cooccurring microbiome.We thank the managers of the three Exploratories, Kirsten Reichel‐Jung, Swen Renner, Katrin Hartwich, Sonja Gockel, Kerstin Wiesner, and Martin Gorke for their work in maintaining the plot and project infrastructure; Christiane Fischer and Simone Pfeiffer for giving support through the central office, Michael Owonibi and Andreas Ostrowski for managing the central data base, and Eduard Linsenmair, Dominik Hessenmöller, Jens Nieschulze, Ernst‐Detlef Schulze, Wolfgang W. Weisser and the late Elisabeth Kalko for their role in setting up the Biodiversity Exploratories project. The work has been funded by the DFG Priority Program 1374 ‘Infrastructure‐Biodiversity‐Exploratories’ (BU 941/22‐1, BU 941/22‐3, KA 1590/8‐2, KA 1590/8‐3). Field work permits were issued by the responsible state environmental office of Baden‐Württemberg (according to § 72 BbgNatSchG). Likewise, we kindly thank Beatrix Schnabel, Melanie Günther and Sigrid Härtling for 454 sequencing in Halle. AHB gratefully acknowledges the support of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig funded by the German Research Foundation (FZT 118). Authors declare no conflict of interests

Light-induced changes in fatty acid profiles of specific lipid classes in several freshwater phytoplankton species

We tested the influence of two light intensities [40 and 300 µmol PAR / (m² s)] on the fatty acid composition of three distinct lipid classes in four freshwater phytoplankton species. We chose species of different taxonomic classes in order to detect potentially similar reaction characteristics that might also be present in natural phytoplankton communities. From samples of the bacillariophyte Asterionella formosa, the chrysophyte Chromulina sp., the cryptophyte Cryptomonas ovata and the zygnematophyte Cosmarium botrytis we first separated glycolipids (monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol), phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanol-amine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine) as well as non-polar lipids (triacylglycerols), before analyzing the fatty acid composition of each lipid class. High variation in the fatty acid composition existed among different species. Individual fatty acid compositions differed in their reaction to changing light intensities in the four species. Although no generalizations could be made for species across taxonomic classes, individual species showed clear but small responses in their ecologically-relevant omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in terms of proportions and of per carbon quotas. Knowledge on how lipids like fatty acids change with environmental or culture conditions is of great interest in ecological food web studies, aquaculture and biotechnology, since algal lipids are the most important sources of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for aquatic and terrestrial consumers, including human

Dynamics of a quantum oscillator strongly and off-resonantly coupled with a two-level system

Beyond the rotating-wave approximation, the dynamics of a quantum oscillator interacting strongly and off-resonantly with a two-level system exhibit beatings, whose period equals the revival time of the two-level system. On a longer time scale, the quantum oscillator shows collapses, revivals and fractional revivals, which are encountered in oscillator observables like the mean number of oscillator quanta and in the two-level inversion population. Also the scattered oscillator field shows doublets with symmetrically displaced peaks.Comment: 19 pages, 5 figure