Cestode infections in non-human primates suggest the existence of zoonotic cycles in the area surrounding the Strasbourg primatology center

Background: Several cases of infections due to Echinococcus multilocularis, Taenia martis and Taenia crassiceps were recently described in various species of captive non-human primates (NHPs) harbored in the Strasbourg Primate Center (SPC). Furthermore, one of the first cases of human cysticercosis due to T. martis was described in the Strasbourg region. These data suggest the existence of zoonotic cycles of tapeworm infections in the direct environment of the SPC. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of larval cestode infections among intermediate and definitive hosts in the close neighborhood of the center. We analyzed carnivore mammal fecal samples as well as rodent carcasses, collected inside or near the SPC, using PCR. Furthermore, we performed serology for Echinococcus spp. and Taenia spp. on NHP sera. Results: We found that 14.5% (95% CI [8.6; 20.4]) of 138 carnivore feces were positive for E. multilocularis-DNA, as well as 25% (95% CI [5.5; 57.2]) of 12 rodent carcasses, and 5.1% (95% CI [1.4; 8.7]) for T. martis or T. crassiceps. Of all NHPs tested, 10.1% (95% CI [3.8; 16.4]) were seropositive for Echinococcus spp. and 8.2% (95% CI [1.3; 15.1]) for Taenia spp. Conclusions: Our data support the existence of zoonotic cycles of larval cestode infections in the direct environment of the primatology center affecting NHPs harbored in the SPC, potentially threatening the human population living in this area. Since this zoonotic risk is borne by local wildlife, and given the severity of these infections, it seems necessary to put in place measures to protect captive NHPs, and further studies to better assess the risk to human populations

Lipidome determinants of maximal lifespan in mammals

Maximal lifespan of mammalian species, even if closely related, may differ more than 10-fold, however the nature of the mechanisms that determine this variability is unresolved. Here, we assess the relationship between maximal lifespan duration and concentrations of more than 20,000 lipid compounds, measured in 669 tissue samples from 6 tissues of 35 species representing three mammalian clades: primates, rodents and bats. We identify lipids associated with species’ longevity across the three clades, uncoupled from other parameters, such as basal metabolic rate, body size, or body temperature. These lipids clustered in specific lipid classes and pathways, and enzymes linked to them display signatures of greater stabilizing selection in long-living species, and cluster in functional groups related to signaling and protein-modification processes. These findings point towards the existence of defined molecular mechanisms underlying variation in maximal lifespan among mammals.The National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 31420103920), Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant XDB13010200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 91331203), the National One Thousand Foreign Experts Plan (grant WQ20123100078), the Bureau of International Cooperation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant GJHZ201313) and the Federal Targeted Program for Research and Development in Priority Areas of Advancement of the Russian Scientific and Technological Complex for 2014–2020 (the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation), grant № 14.615.21.0002, the Unique identifier of the agreement: RFMEFI61515×0002. Additional support was obtained from the European Research Council (advanced grant 294678 to GRL).http://www.nature.com/scientificreportsam2017Zoology and Entomolog

Intérêt du rayonnement synchrotron dans la thérapie des tumeurs cérébrales : méthodologie et applications précliniques

Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT) and Stereotactic Synchrotron Radiation Therapy (SSRT) are innovative techniques currently developed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. These techniques led to promising, but rarely reproduced, results. The use of different tumoral models for each techniques limit comparisons.MRT experiments on rats bearing 9L tumors 14 days after implantation displayed a double median survival time (from 20 to 40 days) with a 200 µm spacing irradiation, while a 100 µm spacing irradiation tripled this median (67 days) but damaged normal tissue. The impact of the device dividing synchrotron beam into microbeams, named multislit collimator, was also demonstrated. Combination of drugs with MRT irradiation was tested. Promising results (median survival time: 40 days and 30 % of long term survivors) were obtained with an intratumoral injection of gadolinium coupled with a crossfiring MRT irradiation at 460 Gy. Moreover, earlier MRT irradiation (tumor at D10) quadrupled the median survival time (79 days) with 30% of long term survivors. A new imaging device to target the tumor before irradiation and an adapted collimator will increased the MRT results. As the differences existing between tumoral models used in MRT (9L models) and in SSRT (F98 models) are major, MRT/SSRT comparative experiments were realized on these two models. Results showed that the 2 techniques have the same efficacy on F98 model and that the MRT is more effective on 9L model. This can help to define adapted tumor type for these techniques.La Thérapie par MicroFaisceaux (MRT) et la Thérapie Stéréotaxique par Rayonnement Synchrotron (SSRT) sont des techniques innovantes de radiothérapie expérimentale développées actuellement à l'ESRF. L'utilisation de modèles tumoraux différents pour chaque technique limite leur comparaison. En MRT, sur rats porteurs de tumeur 9L, la médiane de survie des rats contrôle est doublée (de 20 jours à 40 jours) lors d'irradiation avec un espacement de 200 µm entre les microfaisceaux voire triplée (67 jours) à 100 µm d'espacement (mais provoquant alors d'importantes lésions du tissu sain). L'influence importante du collimateur multifentes, a également été démontrée. La combinaison de diverses drogues avec la technique de MRT a été testée. Des résultats prometteurs (médiane de survie de 40 jours et 30% de survivants à long terme) sont obtenus en injectant du gadolinium en intracérébral avant une irradiation MRT en faisceaux croisés à 460 Gy. De plus, l'irradiation MRT de tumeurs à stade plus précoce permet de quadrupler la médiane de survie (79 jours) et d'obtenir 30% de survivants à long terme. La mise en place d'un ciblage de la tumeur par imagerie avant l'irradiation et l'utilisation d'un collimateur adapté permettront d'améliorer encore ces résultats. Les différences entre les deux modèles tumoraux utilisés en MRT (modèle 9L) et en SSRT (modèle F98) étant importantes des expériences comparatives MRT/SSRT ont été réalisées sur ces deux modèles. Les résultats obtenus montrent une efficacité proche des 2 techniques sur le modèle F98 et une meilleure efficacité de la MRT sur le modèle 9L. Ces résultats pourront permettre d'orienter le type tumoral adapté à chaque technique

Thérapie par micro-faisceaux appliquée à la pathologie tumorale cérébrale chez le rat

LYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Intérêt du rayonnement synchrotron dans la thérapie des tumeurs cérébrales (méthodologie et applications précliniques )

La Thérapie par MicroFaisceaux (MRT) et la Thérapie Stéréotaxique par Rayonnement Synchrotron (SSRT) sont des techniques innovantes de radiothérapie expérimentale développées actuellement à l'ESRF. L'utilisation de modèles tumoraux différents pour chaque technique limite leur comparaison. En MRT, sur rats porteurs de tumeur 9L, la médiane de survie des rats contrôle est doublée (de 20 jours à 40 jours) lors d'irradiation avec un espacement de 200 JLm entre les microfaisceaux voire triplée (67 jours) à 100 JLm d'espacement (mais provoquant alors d'importantes lésions du tissu sain). L'influence importante du collimateur multifentes, a également été démontrée. La combinaison de diverses drogues avec la technique de MRT a été testée. Des résultats prometteurs (médiane de survie de 40 jours et 30% de survivants à long terme) sont obtenus en injectant du gadolinium en intracérébral avant une irradiation MRT en faisceaux croisés à 460 Gy. De plus, l'irradiation MRT de tumeurs à stade plus précoce permet de quadruplé la médiane de survie (79 jours) et d'obtenir 30% de survivants à long terme. La mise en place d'un ciblage de la tumeur par imagerie avant l'irradiation et l'utilisation d'un collimateur adapté permettront d'améliorer encore ces résultats. Les différences entre les deux modèles tumoraux utilisés en MRT (modèle 9L) et en SSRT (modèle F98) étant importantes des expériences comparatives MRT/SSRT ont été réalisées sur ces deux modèles. Les résultats obtenus montrent une efficacité proche des 2 techniques sur le modèle F98 et une meilleure efficacité de la MRT sur le modèle 9L. Ces résultats pourront permettre d'orienter le type tumoral adapté à chaque technique.Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT) and Stereotactic Synchrotron Radiation Therapy (SSRT) are innovative techniques currently developed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. These techniques led to promising, but rarely reproduced, results. The use of different tumoral models for each techniques limit comparisons. MRT experiments on rats bearing 9L tumors 14 days after implantation displayed a double median survival time (from 20 to 40 days) with a 200 JLm spacing irradiation, while a 100 JLm spacing irradiation tripled this median (67 days) but damaged normal tissue. The impact of the device dividing synchrotron beam into microbeams, named multislit collimator, was also demonstrated. Combination of drugs with MRT irradiation was tested. Promising results (median survival time: 40 days and 30 % oflong term survivors) were obtained with an intratumoral injection of gadolinium coupled with a crossfiring MRT irradiation at 460 Gy. Moreover, earlier MRT irradiation (tumor at DIO) quadrupled the median survival time (79 days) with 30% of long term survivors. A new imaging device to target the tumor before irradiation and an adapted collimator will increased the MRT results. As the differences existing between tumoral models used in MRT (9L models) and in SSRT (F98 models) are major, MRT/SSRT comparative experiments were realized on these two models. Results showed that the 2 techniques have the same efficacy on F98 model and that the MRT is more effective on 9L mode!. This can help to define adapted tumor type for these techniques.GRENOBLE1-BU Sciences (384212103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Protective effects of the imidazoline-like drug lnp599 in a marmoset model of obesity-induced metabolic disorders

International audienc

Evaluation of a new balloon for fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion in the nonhuman primate model

Objective: We developed a new balloon called "Smart-TO," which allows noninvasive and easy unplugging, thanks to a magnetic valve actuated by the magnetic fringe field of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The objective of this feasibility study was to evaluate the operation of this new balloon in a nonhuman primate model. Methods: Four pregnant rhesus monkeys underwent fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion using the "Smart-TO" balloon. The pregnant monkeys were simply carried around the perimeter of an MRI scanner a few days later. Study outcomes were feasibility of fetal tracheal occlusion using the "Smart-TO" balloon, persistence of the balloon in the fetal trachea, and deflation of the balloon when subjected to the magnetic fringe field of an MRI. Results: At the time of the unplug procedure, in all cases, the balloon was still in a correct position, and its shape did not change based on their ultrasound appearance. After bringing the pregnant monkeys into the fringe field of the MRI scanner, the balloon deflated in all cases. Conclusion: The balloon we developed allows noninvasive, easily triggered, and externally controlled reversal occlusion, based on the nonhuman primate model. Further tests evaluating occlusiveness and potential adverse effects are necessary