Hukuman Tambahan dalam Putusan Pengadilan Tindak Pidana Korupsi

Korupsi telah menjadi kejahatan yang dianggap merusak sendi-sendi kehidupan masyarakat dan bernegara. Korupsi di Indonesia merupakan persoalan bangsa yang bersifat darurat yang telah dihadapi bangsa Indonesia dari masa ke masa dalam rentang waktu yang relatif lama. Salah satu cara mengembalikan korupsi Negara yang hilang tersebut adalah dengan memberi pidana tambahan berupa pembayaran uang pengganti. Dari latar belakang di atas, maka yang menjadi permasalahan dalam karya tulis ini yaitu bagaimana kedudukan pidana tambahan dalam perkara pidana korupsi, serta bagaimana proses pelaksanaan hukuman tambahan dalam perkara pidana korupsi. Mengingat penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan normatif, maka pengumpulan bahan hukum dilakukan dengan prosedur indentifikasi dan inventarisasi bahan-bahan hukum primer dan bahan-bahan hukum sekunder dan bahan hukum tertier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pidana tambahan dalam perkara korupsi harus dipahami sebagai bagian dari upaya pemidanaan terhadap mereka yang melanggar hukum. Dalam hal ini hukum yang dilanggar adalah tindak pidana korupsi. Hukum pidana korupsi merupakan salah satu pidana khusus. Prinsip pemberlakuannya adalah hukum pidana khusus lebih diutamakan daripada pidana umum. Bentuk-bentuk pidana tambahan antara lain: perampasan barang, pembayaran uang pengganti, penutupan Perusahaan. Jika terpidana tidak membayar uang pengganti, maka harta bendanya dapat disita oleh jaksa dan dilelang untuk menutupi uang pengganti tersebut. Proses pelaksanaan putusan pengadilan secara umum diatur dalam Bab XIX KUHAP. Dalam hal hakim menjatuhkan pidana tambahan berupa pembayaran uang pengganti maka terpidana diberitenggang waktu sebulan sesudah putusan pengadilan berkekuatan hukum tetap untuk melunasinya. Jaksa tidak dapat memperpanjang batas waktu terpidana untuk membayar uang penggantinya. Jika dalam waktu yang ditentukan tersebut telah habis maka jaksa sebagai eksekutor Negara dapat menyita dan melelang barat benda terdakwa. Dari hasil penelitian dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa salah satu cara untuk mengembalikan korupsi negara akibat perbuatan pidana korupsi adalah dengan pidana tambahan berupa pengembalian uang pengganti. Jika terpidana tidak membayar uang pengganti, paling lama dalam waktu 1 (satu) bulan sesudah putusan pengadilan yang telah memperoleh ketetapan hukum tetap, maka harta bendanya dapat disita oleh jaksa dan dilelang untuk menutu piuang pengganti tersebut

Ketamiin raviresistentse depressiooni ravis. Haigusjuhu kirjeldus

Depressioon on sageli esinev psüühikahäire, mida seostatakse töövõimetuse, invaliidsuse ja suremuse suure määraga. Depressiooni raviks on kasutusel erinevaid ravimeetodeid, nii farmakoloogilisi kui ka mittefarmakoloogilisi, kuid probleem on ravimite toime hilinenud algus. Paljudel patsientidel ei too ravi esimese valiku ravimitega oodatud paranemist ja ravimit tuleb vahetada. Sageli on tegemist raviresistentse depressiooniga. Raviresistentse depressiooni puhul on iga järgmise antidepressandi tõhusus väikse tõenäosusega. Viimastel aastakümnetel on aktiivselt otsitud uusi efektiivseid antidepressiivse toimega ravimeid. Mitmed uuringud ketamiiniga on näidanud kiiret antidepressiivset toimet ja seda ka patsientidel, kelle puhul senised ravivalikud ei ole osutunud efektiivseks.Artiklis on kirjeldatud patsiendi lugu, kellel esines raviresistentne depressioon ja kes sai abi ketamiinravist

Carboxy methyl chotosan modified liposomes as anti cancer drug delivery system

ABSTRACT Liposomes though successful in achieving targeted drug delivery and sustain release limitations like short circulating rates due to MPS uptake and many factors prove that there is need to modify the characteristics of the liposome in size, permeability and hydrophilicity. One of such modifications is done and characterized in this report. Surface modification of liposomes was done by using a polymer CMC (Carboxy methyl chitosan) in different proportions to preformed liposomes. Initially liposomes were prepared through sonication method and CMC solution was added in specific concentrations along with glutaraldehyde as cross linking agent. Physical Characterization of surface modified liposomes done by microscopic studies, stability studies at different temperatures such as 37°C, 4°C and -20°C along with pH. Particle size distribution and Zeta potential of normal and surface modified liposomes was analyzed using DLS. Encapsulation efficiency done with dye and drug along with release studies. Biological characterization by protein loading and release studies. Haemocompatibility was done using goat blood as it ensures the use of liposomes in Invitro studies. Invitro studies using 5-Fluoro uracil on cancer cells resulted in better cytotoxicityindex and achieved sustain release

Paralympiapäivä 2010 : vapaaehtoisten rekrytointi ja perehdyttäminen

Tämän toiminnallisen opinnäytetyön aiheena on Paralympiapäivän 2010 vapaaehtoisten rekrytointi ja perehdyttäminen. Paralympiapäivä järjestettiin Helsingissä elokuussa 2010, ja tapahtuman tarkoituksena oli tehdä tunnetuksi vammaisurheilua. Toiminnallisen työn tuotoksena syntyi opas vapaaehtoisista työntekijöistä Paralympiakomitean tapahtumissa. Opinnäytetyö jakautuu kahteen osaan: teoriaosuuteen ja toiminnallisen työn toteuttamiseen. Teoriaosuudessa avataan vammaisurheilun, vapaaehtoisuuden, rekrytoinnin sekä perehdyttämisen käsitteitä. Teoriaosuuden käsitteet tukevat toiminnallisen osuuden toteutumista ja tavoitteita. Opinnäytetyön toiminnallinen osuus on vapaaehtoisten rekrytointi ja perehdyttäminen Paralympiapäivää 2010 varten sekä Suomen Paralympiakomitealle tehty opas vapaaehtoisista työntekijöistä tapahtumissa. Oppaassa käsitellään niitä asioita, jotka on otettava huomioon kun toteutetaan tapahtumaa vapaaehtoisten työntekijöiden voimin. Opas toimitettiin Paralympiakomitealle sekä paperiversiona että sähköisessä muodossa, jotta sitä voidaan käyttää myös esim. Paralympiakomitean Internet-sivuilla.The subject for this functional thesis is recruitment and orientation of volunteers working in Paralympic Day 2010. The Finnish Paralympic Committee organized Paralympic Day in August, 2010 in Helsinki. The purpose of the event was to familiarize people with disability sports. The thesis resulted in orientation material for volunteers working in events organized by the Finnish Paralympic Committee. The thesis is divided into two parts: the theory and the functional part’s imple-mentation. The theoretical background consists of clarifying concepts of disability sports, volunteers, recruitment and orientation. The concepts in the theory part sup-port the realization of the functional part and its aims. The functional part consists of recruitment and orientation of volunteers in Paralym-pic Day 2010, and its output is orientation material for the Finnish Paralympic Com-mittee. The material includes specific information about volunteers working in events and what should be considered when dealing with volunteers as a workforce for event. The orientation material was handed to the employer as a traditional paper version and also in digital form, so it can be used in Internet-pages as well

Challenges and opportunities in practical training – perceptions of clinical education

The aim of the present study was to analyse students’ perceptions of clinical education – what kind of learning opportunities they had and what kind of challenges they met. Eighty six different feedback forms were analysed, which were gathered from 28 third-year physiotherapy students after their final practical training was over. Answers to the questions were analysed by the method of content analysis and divided into categories. Students appreciated when they were treated as equals, their opinion was listened to and their preferences were taken into consideration. However, not everybody was satisfied with the relationship with supervisor. Respondents mentioned several aspects of the pedagogical skills of their supervisors. These were as follows: increasing students’ independence, planning the learning process, asking questions, and giving feedback. Students were content with their training when they saw different patients who had varied diagnoses. They also liked when the placement was well-equipped and the emotional climate was friendly and positive. Sometimes students had feelings that they did not do anything educative. Sometimes students felt that the emotional climate was tense or they did not understand the rules

Projecting the EU forest carbon net emissions in line with the “continuation of forest management”: the JRC method

In July 2016, the Commission adopted a legal proposal (COM(2016) 479) for the inclusion of Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) in the EU 2030 energy and climate targets. In this proposal, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals from Managed Forest Land in EU Member States will be accounted using the concept of Forest Reference Level (FRL), for the compliance period 2021 to 2030. The FRL is a country-specific projected baseline of future forest emissions and removals, against which the actual reported emissions and removals will be compared for accounting purposes at the time of compliance. According to the legal proposal, FRLs will be estimated based on the concept of the “continuation of current forest management practice and intensity”, as documented in a historical Reference Period (RP). This approach aims to promote an active forest management while ensuring that all the emissions and removals associated with changes in forest policies are fully reflected in the accounting in a transparent and credible way. This technical report illustrates the method, as applied by the JRC, to trial projections of forest GHG emissions and removals in line with the proposal, and presents key results aggregated at EU level.JRC.D.1 - Bio-econom

Managing conflict in organisational change

Organisational change and conflict are two essential topics that engineering managers need to understand and have confidence in acting on, if they are to succeed in todays changing and increasingly competitive environment. This paper examines and dissects the elements of organisational change that almost inevitably result in conflict. Conflicts that impact on organisational change can act as a retardant to progress, creativity, innovation and productivity, and potentially precipitate the demise of an organisation. One of the many difficulties relating to organisational conflict is to define the division between conflict and competition. This paper explores what is known about the various states of conflict and presents an approach to addressing this problem, through identifying and subsequently managing institutional elements influencing organisational change and conflict

Concepts of learning and knowledge among first year students in Estonia

Mitmed üliõpilaste seas läbi viidud uuringud näitavad seost epistemoloogiliste uskumuste ehk teadmuskäsituse ja õpikäsituse vahel. Need uskumused ise aga tingivad selle, kuidas üliõpilased võtavad vastu erinevaid õppejõu tegevusi ja kuidas nad õpivad. Viimasel ajal levivad ka Eestis üha enam aktiivõppe meetodid, mis eeldavad üliõpilastelt teistsugust valmisolekut kui passiivne loengu vormis õppimine. Käesoleva töö eesmärk oligi kirjeldada, millised on Eesti esimese kursuse üliõpilaste epistemoloogilised uskumused ja õpikäsitus ning kuidas need mõjutavad üliõpilaste õpieelistusi. Lähtuti hüpoteesist, et Eesti esmakursuslased on pigem passiivsed, fikseeritud laadi epistemoloogiliste uskumustega ning ootavad õppejõult kui autoriteedilt nn valmisteadmisi. Seetõttu eelistavad nad töötada pigem üksi, mitte rühmas. Uurimuse hüpotees leidis üldjoontes kinnitust. Enamik uuritud esimese kursuse üliõpilastest käsitab teadmist oskuse või kogemusena. Õppimine on uute teadmiste omandamine õppejõult, kaaslastel on eelkõige vaid motiveeriv roll. Esmakursuslased eelistavad õppejõudu, kes on autoriteet ja ekspert, mistõttu oodatakse, et õppejõud tooks elulisi näiteid ja selgitaks õpitavat samm-sammult. Suur osa küsimustiku täitnud üliõpilastest on pindmise õpihoiakuga: nad mõistavad teadmist eelkõige fakti, kogemuse või oskusena ja eelistavad õppida üksi. Samal ajal on neil pluralistlikku laadi epistemoloogilised uskumused. Uuringust selgus ka, et sügava õpihoiakuga üliõpilased näevad õppimist protsessina ning teadmisi sealjuures ajas muutuvate ja arenevatena. Ainsaks kõrvalekaldeks esialgsest hüpoteesist olid üliõpilaste valdavalt pluralistlikud epistemoloogilised uskumused, mis võivad viidata ühiskonnas üldiselt levivale arusaamale, et pole ühtset tõde, vaid on palju tõlgendusi. Summar

The role of the land use, land use change and forestry sector in achieving Annex I reduction pledges

Annex I Parties may receive credits or debits from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) activities, contributing to achieving individual emission reduction targets. In the Durban climate negotiations, Parties agreed new LULUCF accounting rules for the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (CP2). By using these new rules, this paper presents key differences among Parties at the minimum (assuming no additional action) and potential (assuming additional actions) contribution of the forest-related LULUCF activities in achieving the pledges for 2020. Overall, the potential contribution of LULUCF is relatively modest (up to about 2% of 1990 emissions) for the EU, the Annex I Parties likely joining the CP2, and for the Annex I Parties that joined the CP1 as a whole. However, for specific Parties, LULUCF can make a substantial contribution to achieving the pledges. For New Zealand, for instance, the potential contribution of future LULUCF credits may equal 33% of its 1990 emission level. For Australia, the pledges are expressed relative to 2000 emission levels including LULUCF emissions. Given that LULUCF emissions have strongly declined between 1990 and 2000, and a further decline in foreseen by 2020 (based on Australia’s projections), the minimum contribution of LULUCF to meet the Australian pledges appears to be about 19% and 7% relative to its 1990 and 2000 emission level, respectively. A further 3% potential contribution is estimated from additional actions.JRC.H.3-Forest Resources and Climat