Zawartosc azotanow [V] w warzywach i ich przetworach dostepnych w obrocie detalicznym na tle wymogow WHO-FAO

W wyniku wieloletnich badań można stwierdzić, że nie wszystkie gatunki roślin wykazują jednakową zdolność do gromadzenia azotanów, a wpływa na to wiele procesów złożonych (średnia zawartość azotanów wynosi od 20 do 1400 mg·kg⁻¹ św. masy). Metody obróbki technologicznej surowców i sposoby ich utrwalania - konserwacji, modyfikują zawarte w nich azotany(V), przyczyniając się do ich spadku (pasteryzacja, marynowanie) lub wzrostu (fermentacja mlekowa - kiszenie). W efekcie przechowywania warzyw trwałych, w wyniku redukcji mikrobiologicznej, zaobserwowano zmniejszenie stężenia azotanów (z wyjątkiem pora). Wyliczone współczynniki zmienności zawartości azotanów(V) w warzywach i ich przetworach wykazały odpowiednio: największą zmienność dla pora (38,5%) oraz cebuli marynowanej (11,5%), a najmniejszą dla czosnku marynowanego (5,8%) i bulw ziemniaka (4,3%).Long-term study results enabled to establish that the plant species show diversified ability to accumulate the nitrates. This process may be affected by many complex factors (x N-NO₃ concentration ranges from 20 to 1400 mg·kg⁻¹ fresh matter). Technological processing of the raw materials and their preservation modify nitrate contents what results in their decrease (pasteurization, pickling) or increase (lactate fermentation). As a result of microbiological reduction decreasing of nitrate contents (with exception of leek) was observed during storage of persistent vegetables. Calculated indices of nitrates changeability in vegetables and their products showed the highest changeablity for leek and pickled onion (38.5% and 11.5%, respectively), while the lowest values were found for pickled garlic and potato tubers (5.8% and 4.3%, respectively)

Influence of fertilisation on selected qualitative properties of Bila potato tubers

Badania przeprowadzono w oparciu o wieloletnie statyczne doświadczenie polowe założone w 1979 roku w Stacji Badawczej Wydziału Rolniczego UTP w Wierzchucinku (woj. kujawsko-pomorskie), w trzyletnim uproszczonym zmianowaniu: ziemniak – żyto ozime – żyto ozime. Materiał badawczy stanowiły bulwy wczesnej, jadalnej odmiany ziemniaka Bila, uprawianej w pierwszym roku dziesiątej rotacji (2006 r.). Czynnikami doświadczenia było nawożenie organiczne (bez obornika i z obornikiem w ilości 30 t∙ha-1) i nawożenie azotem – cztery dawki (0, 60, 120, 180 kg∙ha-1). Celem badań było określenie wpływu nawożenia organicznego i mineralnego na wybrane cechy jakościowe bulw ziemniaka. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na istotnie pozytywne działanie obornika i nawożenia azotem na zawartość suchej masy i skrobi, a negatywne na zawartość cukrów. Wzrastające dawki azotu obniżały zawartość witaminy C w bulwach, ale ziemniaki uprawiane na oborniku charakteryzowały się większą zawartością tego składnika.The study was conducted on the basis of a multiannual static field experiment established in 1979. It was conducted in the 3-year simplified rotation system: potato – winter rye – winter rye. The study refers to an early, edible variety of Bila potato growing in the first year of 10th rotation (2006). Experimental factors were the following: organic fertilisation (without manure and with manure 30 t·ha-1), and nitrate fertilisation – four doses (0, 60, 120, 180 kg∙ha-1). The aim of this study was to define the influence of organic and mineral fertilisation on selected qualitative properties of potato tubers. The results obtained from the study show a positive effect of manure and nitrate fertilisation on dry matter and starch content and a negative effect on sugar content. Increasing nitrogen doses lowered a content of vitamin C in potato tubers. However, potatoes growing on manure had a higher content of this ingredient

A Physiological Study of Virus Parasitism

Summary The experimental data herein presented have demonstrated that the rates of oxygen consumption of embryonated eggs vary directly with the temperature of incubation. Thus, ten-day-old embryos incubated at 32.2 C have a Qeo2 amounting to about 50 per cent of that obtained with eggs incubated at 37.8 C. The experiment performed at an elevated temperature of 39.4 C yielded slight, but not statistically significant evidence of an increased rate of oxygen consumption. It is interesting to note that eggs injected with the NJ-KD strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and incubated under standard conditions (37.8 C at 52 per cent relative humidity) do not exhibit any appreciable deviation in their Qeo2 from normal eggs or from embryonated eggs, injected with an equivalent amount of normal allantoic fluid, until near the terminal stage of the infection. At that time, there appears to be a rapid reduction in the rate of oxygen consumption, to the low level established for infertile eggs. Eggs inoculated with NDV and incubated (32.2 C) approximately 10 degrees below the standard environmental temperature responded to the infection as above, except that the survival time was increased from approximately 40 hours to 70 hours; furthermore, the slope of the drop in the Qeo2 at the terminal stage of infection appeared to be far more gradual. Repeated experiments with control and NDV-infected eggs incubated at 39.4 C failed to show any significant difference in the mean Qeo2 or in the survival time, from that observed with eggs incubated under standard conditions. The results presented tend to support the hypothesis that the rates of virus multiplication within a host cell may be regulated by the over-all respiratory quotient of that system. That is to say, a reduced Qeo2 of the embryonated egg is presumably accompanied by a reduction in the rate of virus proliferation. In the case of the hens' egg, the variation of environmental temperatures constitutes an easy mechanism for altering the Qeo2 to any desired level. We have been unable to demonstrate any significant stimulation in the oxygen uptake of infected eggs. This has been observed to be true also in the case of eggs infected with Western equine encephalitis virus3. It is appreciated that these results are not in accordance with those reported by Parodi, et al. (1) and Pinkerton et al. (2). A possible discrepancy between our findings and those of the above authors may be due to the entirely different types of technique employed.</jats:p

Complexity reduction: Theory, metrics and applications

International audienc

Complexity reduction: Theory, metrics and applications

International audienc