Literary analysis of agriculture, trade and climate in the journal "Il Caff\ue8" (1764\u20131766) by Pietro and Alessandro Verri

Im Settecento, dem Zeitalter der Aufkl\ue4rung, z\ue4hlten Zeitschriften zu den wichtigsten Bildungsmitteln der europ\ue4ischen Kultur. Es entstand eine v\uf6llig neue Literaturauffassung und das Genre der Moralischen Periodika verbreitete sich von England aus \ufcber die Niederlande und anschlie fend \ufcber den gesamten europ\ue4ischen Kontinent. Ziel dieser Bl\ue4tter war es, das Lesepublikum auf unterhaltsame Art und Weise moralisch zu belehren und ein aufkl\ue4rerisches Denken zu verbreiten. In vorliegender Arbeit wird zuerst allgemein die Aufkl\ue4rung in Europa und anschlie fend der Illuminismo in Italien sowie die Kaffeehauskultur des 18. Jahrhunderts aufgezeigt. Weiters wird ein Einblick in den historisch-kulturellen Kontext Moralischer Wochenschriften gegeben, die Entstehung und Verbreitung dieser Zeitschriften dargelegt und deren Leserschaft beleuchtet. Hauptaugenmerk der Arbeit liegt auf der strukturellen und thematischen Analyse des italienischen Periodikums 'Il Caff\ue8' von den Gebr\ufcdern Verri. Nach einer ausf\ufchrlichen Genrecharakterisierung werden die genannten Merkmale Moralischer Wochenschriften auf das Journal 'Il Caff\ue8' umgelegt. Neben der Darstellung der Kommunikationsstrukturen und der Rolle der fiktiven Verfasserfigur Demetrio folgt eine Aufbereitung einzelner Leserbriefe aus der Zeitschrift. Das umfassende letzte Kapitel setzt sich mit der thematischen Analyse auseinander. Ausgew\ue4hlte Beitr\ue4ge der Zeitschrift werden den Themenbereichen Ackerbau, Handel und Klima zugeordnet und analysiert. Abschlie fend werden diese mit einzelnen Texten der italienischen Periodika 'Spettatore piemontese' und 'Osservatore veneto' verglichen und Parallelen aufgezeigt.In the age of Enlightenment periodicals were one of the most important educational tools of European culture. A completely new conception of literature emerged and the genre of moral periodicals has spread from England to the Netherlands and then across the entire European continent. The aim of these journals was on the one hand to instruct the reading public morally in an entertaining way and on the other hand to spread Enlightenment thinking. In this paper, the Enlightenment in Europe will first be described in general terms, followed by the Enlightenment in Italy and the coffeehouse culture of the 18th century. Furthermore, an insight into the historical-cultural context of moral weeklies is given, the origin and distribution of these journals will be shown, and their readership will be described. The main focus of this paper is on the structural and thematic analysis of the Italian periodical 'Il Caff\ue8' by the Verri brothers. After a detailed characterization of the genre, the characteristics of moral weeklies are adjusted with the journal. In addition to a description of the communication structures and the role of the fictitious author figure Demetrio, follows an analysis of single letters to the editor. The detailed last chapter deals with the thematic analysis. Selected articles from the journal are assigned to the thematic areas of agriculture, trade and climate and analyzed. Finally, these are compared with individual texts from the Italian periodicals 'Spettatore piemontese' and 'Osservatore veneto' and parallels are shown.vorgelegt von Lisa Marie PirkebnerAbweichender Titel laut cbersetzung des Verfassers/der VerfasserinZusammenfassungen auf Deutsch und EnglischDiplomarbeit Karl-Franzens-Universit\ue4t Graz 2021 303

Literary analysis of agriculture, trade and climate in the journal "Il Caffè" (1764–1766) by Pietro and Alessandro Verri

Im Settecento, dem Zeitalter der Aufklärung, zählten Zeitschriften zu den wichtigsten Bildungsmitteln der europäischen Kultur. Es entstand eine völlig neue Literaturauffassung und das Genre der Moralischen Periodika verbreitete sich von England aus über die Niederlande und anschließend über den gesamten europäischen Kontinent. Ziel dieser Blätter war es, das Lesepublikum auf unterhaltsame Art und Weise moralisch zu belehren und ein aufklärerisches Denken zu verbreiten. In vorliegender Arbeit wird zuerst allgemein die Aufklärung in Europa und anschließend der Illuminismo in Italien sowie die Kaffeehauskultur des 18. Jahrhunderts aufgezeigt. Weiters wird ein Einblick in den historisch-kulturellen Kontext Moralischer Wochenschriften gegeben, die Entstehung und Verbreitung dieser Zeitschriften dargelegt und deren Leserschaft beleuchtet. Hauptaugenmerk der Arbeit liegt auf der strukturellen und thematischen Analyse des italienischen Periodikums 'Il Caffè' von den Gebrüdern Verri. Nach einer ausführlichen Genrecharakterisierung werden die genannten Merkmale Moralischer Wochenschriften auf das Journal 'Il Caffè' umgelegt. Neben der Darstellung der Kommunikationsstrukturen und der Rolle der fiktiven Verfasserfigur Demetrio folgt eine Aufbereitung einzelner Leserbriefe aus der Zeitschrift. Das umfassende letzte Kapitel setzt sich mit der thematischen Analyse auseinander. Ausgewählte Beiträge der Zeitschrift werden den Themenbereichen Ackerbau, Handel und Klima zugeordnet und analysiert. Abschließend werden diese mit einzelnen Texten der italienischen Periodika 'Spettatore piemontese' und 'Osservatore veneto' verglichen und Parallelen aufgezeigt.In the age of Enlightenment periodicals were one of the most important educational tools of European culture. A completely new conception of literature emerged and the genre of moral periodicals has spread from England to the Netherlands and then across the entire European continent. The aim of these journals was on the one hand to instruct the reading public morally in an entertaining way and on the other hand to spread Enlightenment thinking. In this paper, the Enlightenment in Europe will first be described in general terms, followed by the Enlightenment in Italy and the coffeehouse culture of the 18th century. Furthermore, an insight into the historical-cultural context of moral weeklies is given, the origin and distribution of these journals will be shown, and their readership will be described. The main focus of this paper is on the structural and thematic analysis of the Italian periodical 'Il Caffè' by the Verri brothers. After a detailed characterization of the genre, the characteristics of moral weeklies are adjusted with the journal. In addition to a description of the communication structures and the role of the fictitious author figure Demetrio, follows an analysis of single letters to the editor. The detailed last chapter deals with the thematic analysis. Selected articles from the journal are assigned to the thematic areas of agriculture, trade and climate and analyzed. Finally, these are compared with individual texts from the Italian periodicals 'Spettatore piemontese' and 'Osservatore veneto' and parallels are shown.vorgelegt von Lisa Marie PirkebnerAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der VerfasserinZusammenfassungen auf Deutsch und EnglischDiplomarbeit Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 2021 303

Spatial and seasonal variations in mobile carbohydrates in Pinus cembra in the timberline ecotone of the Central Austrian Alps

To test whether the altitudinal limit of tree growth is determined by carbons shortage or by a limitation in growth we investigated non structural carbohydrates and their components starch and total soluble sugars in Pinus cembra trees along an elevational gradient in the timberline ecotone of the Central Austrian Alps. NSC contents in needles, branches, stems, and coarse roots were measured throughout an entire growing season. At the tissue level NSC contents were not significantly more abundant in treeline trees as compared to trees at lower elevations. Along our 425 m elevational transect from the closed forest to the treeline we failed to find a stable elevational trend in the total NSC pool of entire trees and observed within season increases in the tree’s NSC pool that can be attributed to an altitudinal increase in leaf mass as needles contained the largest NSC fraction of the whole tree NSC pool. Furthermore, whole tree NSC contents were positively correlated with net photosynthetic capacity. Although our observed NSC characteristics do not support the hypothesis that tree life at their upper elevational limit is determined by an insufficient carbon balance we found no consistent confirmation for the sink limitation hypothesis

Temporal dynamics of nonstructural carbohydrates and xylem growth in <i>Pinus sylvestris</i> exposed to drought

Wood formation requires a continuous supply of carbohydrates for structural growth and metabolism. In the montane belt of the central Austrian Alps, we monitored the temporal dynamics of xylem growth and nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) in stem sapwood of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) during the growing season of 2009, which was characterized by exceptional soil dryness within the study area. Soil water content dropped below 10% at the time of maximum xylem growth at the end of May. Histological analyses have been used to describe cambial activity and xylem growth. Determination of NSC was performed using specific enzymatic assays revealing that total NSC ranged from 0.8% to 1.7% dry matter throughout the year. Significant variations (P &lt; 0.05) of the size of the NSC pool were observed during the growing season. Starch showed persistent abundance throughout the year, reaching a maximum shortly before onset of late wood formation in mid-July. Seasonal dynamics of NSC and xylem growth suggest that (i) high sink activity occurred at the start of the growing season in spring and during late wood formation in summer and (ii) there was no particular shortage in NSC, which caused P. sylvestris to draw upon stem reserves more heavily during the drought in 2009. </jats:p

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activation inhibits Langerhans cell function

Epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) play a pivotal role in initiating and maintaining primary immune responses in the skin. In the present study, we asked whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) activation modulates LC function. Our results show that PPARalpha is expressed in immature LC and is down-regulated in mature LC suggesting that an early decrease of PPARalpha expression in LC may allow them to mature after contact with an Ag. We further show that pharmacologic PPARalpha activation inhibits LC maturation, migratory capacity, cytokine expression, and the ability to drive T cell proliferation. Moreover, PPARalpha activation inhibits NF-kappaB but not stress-activated protein kinase/JNK, p38MAPK, and ERK1/2. In conclusion, PPARalpha activation by endogenous ligands may provide a molecular signal that allows LC to remain in an immature state within the epidermis for extended periods of time despite minor environmental stimuli

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activation inhibits Langerhans cell function.

Epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) play a pivotal role in initiating and maintaining primary immune responses in the skin. In the present study, we asked whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) activation modulates LC function. Our results show that PPARalpha is expressed in immature LC and is down-regulated in mature LC suggesting that an early decrease of PPARalpha expression in LC may allow them to mature after contact with an Ag. We further show that pharmacologic PPARalpha activation inhibits LC maturation, migratory capacity, cytokine expression, and the ability to drive T cell proliferation. Moreover, PPARalpha activation inhibits NF-kappaB but not stress-activated protein kinase/JNK, p38MAPK, and ERK1/2. In conclusion, PPARalpha activation by endogenous ligands may provide a molecular signal that allows LC to remain in an immature state within the epidermis for extended periods of time despite minor environmental stimuli

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α Activation Inhibits Langerhans Cell Function

International audienceAbstract Epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) play a pivotal role in initiating and maintaining primary immune responses in the skin. In the present study, we asked whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) activation modulates LC function. Our results show that PPARα is expressed in immature LC and is down-regulated in mature LC suggesting that an early decrease of PPARα expression in LC may allow them to mature after contact with an Ag. We further show that pharmacologic PPARα activation inhibits LC maturation, migratory capacity, cytokine expression, and the ability to drive T cell proliferation. Moreover, PPARα activation inhibits NF-κB but not stress-activated protein kinase/JNK, p38MAPK, and ERK1/2. In conclusion, PPARα activation by endogenous ligands may provide a molecular signal that allows LC to remain in an immature state within the epidermis for extended periods of time despite minor environmental stimuli