Termolecular proton transfer reactions assisted by ionic hydrogen bond formation: Reactions of aromatic cations with polar molecules

We present a new method that applies resonant‐two‐photon ionization to generate reactant ions selectively in the source of a high‐pressure mass spectrometer (R2PI‐HPMS) for kinetic and equilibrium studies. Applications to reactions that would be obscured otherwise in a complex system are illustrated in mixtures of benzene with polar solvent molecules (S). We observe a novel type of proton transferreactions from C6H6 +• to two S molecules where S=CH3CN, CH3OH, C2H5OH and CH3COOC2H5, and from C6H5CH3 +• to two S molecules where S=CH3OH and C2H5OH to form protonated solvent S2H+ dimers. The reactions are driven by the strong hydrogen bonds in the S2H+ dimers and therefore require the formation of the hydrogen bond concertedly with proton transfer, to make the process energetically feasible. The adducts (C6H6 +•)S are observed with blocked solvent molecules where the subsequent switching reaction to yield S2H+ is slow, but not with alcohol reactants that can form hydrogen‐bonded chains that facilitate fast subsequent proton extraction. Correspondingly, kinetic simulations suggest that the mechanism proceeds through (C6H6 +•)S+S→S2H++C6H5 • and C6H6 +•+2S→S2H++C6H5 •reactions, respectively. The rate coefficients of these reactions are in the range 10−13−10−12 cm3 s−1 for the reaction through a bimolecular switching channel and in the range 10−26−10−28 cm6 s−1 for reaction through a direct termolecular proton extraction mechanism. The relation to energetics and reactant structure is examined

Advanced documentation technologies for people-centred preparedness and re-construction in Bela, India

PurposeDespite the recurrence of earthquakes, responses are usually triggered afterwards, lacking mitigation strategies to diminish risks. Damaged dwellings cannot be immediately reinforced to continue inhabitation, generating disruption. Repairs are usually costly, as large numbers of affected constructions make damage assessment difficult, and post-earthquake reconstruction programmes often lack a heritage-specific approach. This research seeks to address these issues through a methodology based on high-end documentation technologies applied to built heritage and local community engagement.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology proposed combines different recording tools to capture social and built environment data, such as interviews, mapping, drone capture, photography and 3D laser scanning, in the pilot case study of Bela, a historical settlement in the seismic region of Kutch in Gujarat, India, affected by the 2001 Bhuj earthquake. This paper particularly discusses aspects of community engagement around data capture and representation processes.FindingsThe introduction of advanced documentation technologies can help speed up the process of damage assessment, analyse social aspects that are key to a respectful re-construction, and enhance community engagement through visual representations, which are relevant to social acceptance and understanding towards a meaningful introduction and sustained use in earthquake risk management.Research limitations/implicationsThe methodology proposed can inform similar cases in seismic areas and enhance engagement, helping to develop a sense of awareness in the community regarding the need for preparedness in the face of earthquakes. However, there are technical challenges in using advanced recording technologies in terms of equipment accessibility, skills, knowledge and future uses of the data. Social and cultural aspects, such as caste and gender divisions, also implied disparity in accessing the data and relating it to the research team, bringing forward the need to tailor public engagement to achieve inclusivity.Practical implicationsThis study has practical implications. The most relevant one is how the process of carrying out the research served as a way to raise awareness for future seismic events. In this regard, local academic institutions and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are critical mediators in reaching the community in greater depth, from which to bridge to external and/or governmental agencies based on existing links and trust.Social implicationsThis study also shows social implications. As a case study-based research, the link developed with the local community will help coordinate actions in case an earthquake occurs and increase cohesion within the community towards a joint aim, in this case, to reduce the risk of disasters due to seismic events.Originality/valueThis paper accounts for a novel approach to documenting buildings in heritage settlements prone to earthquakes that uses the digital record as (1) a basis to assess and intervene in the built environment and better understand how it supports the local community’s ways of living and maintaining buildings; and (2) a platform for local engagement and agency in planning and re-construction as a post-disaster mitigation measure

Comparison of experimentally measured and computational fluid dynamic predicted deposition and deposition uniformity of monodisperse solid particles in the Vitrocell® AMES 48 air-liquid-interface in-vitro exposure system

Accurately determining the delivered dose is critical to understanding biological response due to cell exposure to chemical constituents in aerosols. Deposition efficiency and uniformity of deposition was measured experimentally using monodisperse solid fluorescent particles with mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) of 0.51, 1.1, 2.2 and 3.3 μm in the Vitrocell® AMES 48 air-liquid-interface (ALI) in vitro exposure system. Experimental results were compared with computational fluid dynamic, (CFD; using both Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches) predicted deposition efficiency and uniformity for a single row (N = 6) of petri dishes in the Vitrocell® AMES 48 system. The average experimentally measured deposition efficiency ranged from 0.007% to 0.43% for 0.51–3.3 μm MMAD particles, respectively. There was good agreement between average experimentally measured and the CFD predicted particle deposition efficiency, regardless of approach. Experimentally measured and CFD predicted average uniformity of deposition was greater than 45% of the mean for all particle diameters. During this work a new design was introduced by the manufacturer and evaluated using Lagragian CFD. Lagragian CFD predictions showed better uniformity of deposition, but reduced deposition efficiency with the new design. Deposition efficiency and variability in particle deposition across petri dishes for solid particles should be considered when designing exposure regimens using the Vitrocell® AMES 48 ALI in vitro exposure system

અદ્યતન રેકોર્ડીંગ ટેકનોલોજીનો ઉપયોગ કરીને ગુજરાતની ઐતિહાસિક વસાહતોમાં ધરતીકંપની આકારણી, પુનઃનિર્માણ અને ઈમારતોના જોખમ ઘટાડવા માટેનું માળખું

આ દસ્તાવેજ એક માળખું રજૂ કરે છે જે આપત્તિ પછીના નુકસાનની ઝડપી આકારણી અને ધરતીકંપના કિસ્સામાં અસરકારક પ્રતિભાવની શક્યતાઓને સુધારી શકે છે, હાલના માળખાની પુનઃઉપયોગની શક્યતાઓને વધારી શકે છે તથા સ્થાનિક સમુદાયોમાં સજ્જતા અને સ્થિતિસ્થાપકતામાં વધારો કરી શકે છે, જે ટકાઉ પુનઃનિર્માણ તરફ દોરે છે. અદ્યતન રેકોર્ડીંગ ટેકનોલોજીનો ઉપયોગ કરીને તે ગુજરાતના કચ્છમાં બેલાના પ્રાયોગિક અભ્યાસમાંથી પાઠ રજૂ કરે છે. તે ગામના ઐતિહાસિક વિસ્તારના બિલ્ટ એન્વાયર્નમેન્ટને 3D લેસર સ્કેનીંગ-જેને LiDAR તરીકે પણ ઓળખવામાં આવે છે, તેનો ઉપયોગ કરીને ૫ દિવસમાં કેપ્ચર કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું, જેના પરિણામે મિલીમીટરની ચોકસાઇ સાથે માપી શકાય તેવા 3D પોઇન્ટ ક્લાઉડના રૂપમાં સચોટ અને વ્યાપક ડિજિટલ ડેટા સેટ તૈયાર કરવામાં આવ્યો હતો. બેલાનું ઉન્નત ડિજિટલ મોડલ બનાવવા માટે ફોટોગ્રાફ્સ, એરિયલ ડ્રોન કેપ્ચર, ઐતિહાસિક પૂછપરછ અનેસમુદાયના સભ્યો સાથે મુલાકાતો દ્વારા સામાજિક જોડણો સાથે જોડવામાં આવ્યું હતું. આ હેરિટેજ વસાહતોના ડિજિટલ દસ્તાવેજીકરણને સક્ષમ કરે છે તથા સિસ્મિક જોખમના મૂલ્યાંકન અને ટૂંકા ગાળામાં ઇમારતોની માળખાકીય સ્થિતિના મૂલ્યાંકન માટે પ્લેટફોર્મ પ્રદાન કરે છે. આ માળખું શૈક્ષણિક સંસ્થાઓ, સરકારી સંસ્થાઓ અને એનજીઓ વચ્ચે વ્યૂહાત્મક ભાગીદારી દ્વારા સંરચિત કરવામાં આવ્યું છે જેથી જોખમમાં આવેલા વારસાના સંરક્ષણમાં યોગ્ય પગલાં લઇ શકાય . આમાં સ્થાનિક ક્ષમતાનું આયોજન અને નિર્માણનો સમાવેશ થાય છે, જે તેની સંભવિત માપનીયતા અને અન્ય સમાન સિસ્મિક-પ્રોન હેરિટેજ વસાહતોમાં લાગુ પાડવામાં આવે છે. નેશનલ રિસ્ક ડિઝાસ્ટર મેનેજમેન્ટ (DRM) અને હેરિટેજ મેનેજમેન્ટને લગતા વર્તમાન કાયદાઓ અને નીતિઓમાં મુખ્ય પડકારોને ઓળખીને, આ દસ્તાવેજ ભલામણો સૂચવે છે જે સૂચિત માળખાના સંભવિત અમલીકરણની માહિતી આપવા માટે ઉપયોગી થઇ શકે છે

उन्नत रिकॉर्डिंग तकनीकों का उपयोग करके गुजरात की ऐतिहासिक बस्तियों में भूकंप मूल्यांकन, पुनर्निर्माण और भवनों के जोखिम न्यूनीकरण के लिए एक रूपरेखा

This document presents a framework that could improve the chances of a rapid post-disaster damage assessment and effective response in case of an earthquake, enhance the possibilities of reusing existing structures, and increase preparedness and resilience in local communities, leading to sustainable re-construction and recovery. It presents lessons from a pilot study of Bela in Kutch, Gujarat, using advanced recording technologies. The built environment of the historical area of that village was captured using 3D laser scanning—also known as LiDAR— in 5 days, resulting in an accurate and comprehensive digital data set in the form of a measurable 3D point cloud with precision of millimetres. This was combined with photographs, aerial drone capture, historical inquiry and social engagement through interviews with community members to create an enhanced digital model of Bela. This enables the digital documentation of heritage settlements and offers a platform for seismic risk assessment and the evaluation of the structural condition of buildings in a short period. This framework is structured through a strategic partnership between academia, governmental institutions and NGOs to inform actions in conserving at-risk built heritage. This involves planning and building local capacity, relevant for its potential scalability and applicability in other similar seismic-prone heritage settlements. By identifying key challenges in current legislations and policies regarding National Risk Disaster Management (DRM) and Heritage Management, this document proposes recommendations that could be relevant to inform the proposed framework's potential implementation

The Anatomy of Memory Politics: A Formalist Analysis of Tate Britain’s ‘Artist and Empire’ and the Struggle over Britain’s Imperial Past

In this paper, I propose a new approach for understanding the meaning of memory politics, which draws upon the archetypal literary criticism of Northrop Frye. I suggest that the four archetypes elaborated by Frye—comedy, romance, tragedy, and satire—can be used as a heuristic device for interpreting the contested historical narratives that are associated with the politics of memory. I illustrate this approach through a case-study of Artists and Empire: Facing Britain’s Imperial Past, an exhibition held at Tate Britain in 2016, amidst increasing contestation over the meaning of the British Empire. In sum, I find that the exhibit narrated Britain’s imperial past as a comedy, in which a key theme was the progressive cultural mixing of the British and the people they colonized. To conclude, I discuss the implications of such a narrative for constructing an inclusive, postcolonial British identity. As an alternative, I draw on Aristotle to suggest that a tragic narrative would have been more propitious