EXODUS: A mission to explore exoplanet evolution through understanding atmospheric escape

editorial reviewedEXODUS is a proposed mission to study the largely unexplored range of sub-Neptune to Jupiter-sized exoplanets with orbital periods longer than 100 days. The focus of the mission lies in the detection of these planets and characterisation of atmospheric escape to constrain their evolutionary pathways. Further, the activity of the host star is monitored in the ultra-violet (UV) wavelengths to distinguish between two mechanisms of atmospheric escape: UV-driven mass loss and core-powered mass loss. The proposed mission design consists of a space telescope which requires a Lissajous orbit around L2. The primary instrument consists of an Integral Field Unit (IFU) optimised for direct imaging of exoplanetary systems in the near-infrared (NIR) domain. Simultaneous monitoring of the parent star is conducted via photometric observations of the H_alpha emission. The correlation between atmospheric escape and stellar activity is studied to determine the responsible mechanism.Science objectivesUnderstanding the variety of system architectures and formation histories of planetary systems remains a major challenge. Current detection methods are strongly biased towards short-period bodies, leaving a gap in the exoplanet population demographics. A mission capable of detecting and characterising exoplanets with orbital periods longer than 100 days would address these biases and add to the population demographic. Measurements of exoplanet properties have established the existence of a bimodal distribution of planetary radii, creating the so-called radius valley. This radius valley is thought to stem from planetary size evolution produced by atmospheric escape, a mass-loss phenomenon that can be core-driven or UV-driven. This process can be detected via observations of the He triplet at 1083 nm in reflected light. The EXODUS mission aims to answer the following science questions:How does atmospheric escape shape the evolution of long orbital period exoplanets? What proportion of the exoplanet population do exoplanets with long orbital periods represent? How does the Solar System architecture compare to that of exoplanetary systems? PayloadTo answer these questions, EXODUS aims at observing a core sample of 2000 exoplanets. The payload includes two telescopes, one for NIR observations of the planet and the other for UV monitoring of stellar activity. The NIR observations are conducted with a 2.4 m diameter telescope in a Cassegrain configuration. The main target observations are performed with the MARY instrument, consisting of a high contrast coronograph and an integral field unit (IFU) equipped with a NIR detector. The configuration allows to obtain a contrast of 1E-9. The IFU is used to obtain spatially resolved full-frame spectra of the exoplanets in the 1000-2000 nm range with a 1nm spectral resolution. A secondary instrument (VISVIS) composed of three detectors is used for the fine guidance system and for monitoring of the host star with an H_alpha filter. The UV monitoring of the star is performed with a smaller secondary Cassegrain telescope, featuring a 9.3 cm primary mirror. A UV photometer measures the flux of the parent star to correlate stellar activity with atmospheric escape.Spacecraft designThe spacecraft design is driven by the strict thermal requirement imposed by the instrument temperature constraints and the pointing requirements to achieve the desired observation contrast. The spacecraft design assesses these requirements.To fulfill the thermal requirements, a segmented design with hot and cold sections is chosen. The spacecraft comprises four main modules: (1) the payload module with the primary mirror on top, separated by a thermally isolating structure from (2) the service module, (3) the secondary mirror’s support fixed to the payload module, and (4) the sunshield support, which protects the instruments from solar radiation.The communication subsystem consists of a combination of a High Gain antenna system devised for science downlink and a Low Gain antenna system for telemetry and telecommand, though both are available for either operation in case of emergency, at the expense of a longer downlink time for the Low Gain system. The power subsystem design is based on three main components: solar panels for power generation, batteries for power storage, and a Power Control and Distribution Unit (PCDU) for power management throughout the spacecraft. The propulsion subsystem consists of bipropellant thrusters which use the same fuel as the Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS). A design for the tank and fluid supply system is proposed such that either hydrazine or LMP, a green propellant that is currently being researched, can be used.The ADCS subsystem design is driven by the required pointing accuracy of the coronagraph and the reaction wheel desaturation needed in between science measurements. For the fine pointing of the instrument, a system consisting of a Fine Steering Mirror, a Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS), which is the VISVIS instrument, and a FGS Control Unit is used. For the rough pointing and stabilisation of the spacecraft, eight mono-propellant thrusters and four reaction wheels are connected via a control unit to a system with six sun sensors, a gyroscope and two star-trackers.The thermal control subsystem design is driven by the required temperature of the payload to avoid thermal noise in the detector. The primary objective of the sunshield is to maintain the payload operating environment at the required temperature, while avoiding an active cooling system for the payload. This reduces the complexity and enhances the reliability of the thermal system. To this end, a seven-layered sunshield was designed to reduce the temperature to the level required by the instrument at the innermost layer. To manage overall heat rejection on the spacecraft, surface coatings such as black paint and aluminized kapton are applied. Meanwhile, targeted heating and dissipation is provided with heaters, radiators, insulators and thermal couplings throughout the spacecraft

Worldwide soundscapes: a synthesis of passive acoustic monitoring across realms

Aim: The urgency for remote, reliable and scalable biodiversity monitoring amidst mounting human pressures on ecosystems has sparked worldwide interest in Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM), which can track life underwater and on land. However, we lack a unified methodology to report this sampling effort and a comprehensive overview of PAM coverage to gauge its potential as a global research and monitoring tool. To address this gap, we created the Worldwide Soundscapes project, a collaborative network and growing database comprising metadata from 416 datasets across all realms (terrestrial, marine, freshwater and subterranean). Location: Worldwide, 12,343 sites, all ecosystem types. Time Period: 1991 to present. Major Taxa Studied: All soniferous taxa. Methods: We synthesise sampling coverage across spatial, temporal and ecological scales using metadata describing sampling locations, deployment schedules, focal taxa and audio recording parameters. We explore global trends in biological, anthropogenic and geophysical sounds based on 168 selected recordings from 12 ecosystems across all realms. Results: Terrestrial sampling is spatially denser (46 sites per million square kilometre—Mkm2) than aquatic sampling (0.3 and 1.8 sites/Mkm2 in oceans and fresh water) with only two subterranean datasets. Although diel and lunar cycles are well sampled across realms, only marine datasets (55%) comprehensively sample all seasons. Across the 12 ecosystems selected for exploring global acoustic trends, biological sounds showed contrasting diel patterns across ecosystems, declined with distance from the Equator, and were negatively correlated with anthropogenic sounds. Main Conclusions: PAM can inform macroecological studies as well as global conservation and phenology syntheses, but representation can be improved by expanding terrestrial taxonomic scope, sampling coverage in the high seas and subterranean ecosystems, and spatio-temporal replication in freshwater habitats. Overall, this worldwide PAM network holds promise to support cross-realm biodiversity research and monitoring efforts.We acknowledge the NFDI Consortium Earth System Sciences—NFDI4Earth, coordinated by TU Dresden, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)—project number: 460036893. This research was also funded by a Westlake University Startup Fund (Thomas C. Wanger). JGM was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) under the Scientific Employment Stimulus—Institutional Call—(CEECINST/00037/2021) and Luis P. da Silva through the research contract CEECIND/02064/2017 (https://doi.org/10.54499/CEECIND/02064/2017/CP1423/CP1645/CT0009). Ana Rainho also acknowledges funding from the FCT, under the EcoPestSuppression project (DOI 10.54499/PTDC/ASP-AGR/0876/2020). BIOMON is funded by the European Union's Horizon Europe Programme under grant agreement 101090273. Christos Mammides acknowledges BirdLife Cyprus. Bárbara Freitas was funded by the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) through a PhD grant (2020.04569.BD). Larissa Sayuri M. Sugai and Liiana Piatti acknowledge grant Fundect T.O.:95/2023; SIAFEM: 33112. This paper is NOAA-PMEL, contribution number 5948. Adriana C. Acero-Murcia acknowledge grand Bat Conservation International (Code SS2001), and CAPES Brasil (Finance Code 001). The OBSEA research has been carried out within the framework of the Research Unit Tecnoterra (ICM-CSIC/UPC) of the Spanish Government, developing the EU Project ‘SUstainable Nature and inclusive offshore energy with the parallel BIOdiversity flourishing, protection and monitoring (SUN-BIO-101157493-GAP-101157493)’. Songhai Li acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant numbers 42225604). Jeremy Froidevaux acknowledges funding from the Leverhulme Trust (ECF-2020-571). Kevin Darras and Sylvain Haupert thank the Sounds of Life Huma-Num consortium for training support. Anna F. Cord was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy—EXC 2070-390732324. Ivan Nagelkerken acknowledges funding from the Australian Research Council. M. Eugenia Degano acknowledges the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, Project Number: 428658210). Renata Sousa-Lima and her collaborators have received funding from The Canon National Parks Science Scholars Program, CNPq (grants 312763/2019-0 and 311533/2022-1) and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001. The Asian Soundscape Monitoring Network is funded by Asi@Connect (Asi@Connect-17-100) and the Biodiversity Research Center and the Grid-Computing Centre at Academia Sinica. This work was also supported by Portuguese Funds through FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology through MARE's base funding (UIDB/04292/2020, https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/04292/2020) and MARE's strategic program (UIDP/04292/2020, https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/04292/2020), through project LA/P/0069/2020 granted to the Associate Laboratory ARNET (https://doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0069/2020); and the CoastNet Research Infrastructure, funded by FCT and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) until 2021 (PINFRA/22128/2016), through LISBOA2020 and ALENTEJO2020 regional operational programs. Drs Slater and Radford recognise funding by the Royal Society of New Zealand and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research within the Framework of the New Zealand–Germany Scientific Exchange Programme. Maria Isabel Carvalho Gonçalves has received funding from an anonymous donor, CAPES, Cetacean Society International (CSI), Rufford Foundation, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC) and Viva Instituto Verde Azul. Pinar Ertör-Akyazı received funding from Bogazici University BAP No: 18701. This material is partly based upon work supported by the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest and Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) program under the NSF grant LTER8 DEB-2025755. This is from Nina Ferrari and Matthew Betts. Pedro Diniz held a CAPES postdoctoral fellowship (grant 88887.469218/2019–00) and is currently supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Brazil (Process #2024/13237-3). Tharaka Kusuminda acknowledges the Wildlife Acoustics Research Grant Program.Peer ReviewedArticle signat per 253 autors/es: Kevin F. A. Darras, Rodney A. Rountree, Steven L. Van Wilgenburg, Anna F. Cord, Frederik Pitz, Youfang Chen, Lijun Dong, Agnès Rocquencourt, Camille Desjonquères, Patrick Mauritz Diaz, Tzu-Hao Lin, Théophile Turco, Louise Emmerson, Tom Bradfer-Lawrence, Amandine Gasc, Sarah Marley, Marcus Salton, Laura Schillé, Paul J. Wensveen, Shih-Hung Wu, Adriana C. Acero-Murcia, Orlando Acevedo-Charry, Matyáš Adam, Jacopo Aguzzi, Irmak Akoglu, M. Clara P. Amorim, Mina Anders, Michel André, Alexandre Antonelli, Leandro Aparecido Do Nascimento, Giulliana Appel, Stephanie Archer, Christos Astaras, Andrey Atemasov, Jamieson Atkinson, Joël Attia, Emanuel Baltag, Luc Barbaro, Fritjof Basan, Carly Batist, Julio Ernesto Baumgarten, Just T. Bayle Sempere, Kristen Bellisario, Asaf Ben David, Oded Berger-Tal, Frédéric Bertucci, Matthew G. Betts, Iqbal S. Bhalla, Thiago Bicudo, Marta Bolgan, Sara Bombaci, Gerard Bota, Martin Boullhesen, Robert A. Briers, Susannah Buchan, Michal Budka, Katie Burchard, Giuseppa Buscaino, Alice Calvente, Marconi Campos-Cerqueira, Maria Isabel Carvalho Gonçalves, Maria Ceraulo, Maite Cerezo-Araujo, Gunnar Cerwén, Adams A. Chaskda, Maria Chistopolova, Christopher W. Clark, Kieran D. Cox, Benjamin Cretois, Chapin Czarnecki, Luis P. da Silva, Wigna da Silva, Laurence H. De Clippele, David de la Haye, Ana Silvia de Oliveira Tissiani, Devin de Zwaan, M. Eugenia Degano, Jessica Deichmann, Joaquin del Rio, Christian Devenish, Ricardo Díaz-Delgado, Pedro Diniz, Dorgival Diógenes Oliveira-Júnior, Thiago Dorigo, Saskia Dröge, Marina Duarte, Adam Duarte, Kerry Dunleavy, Robert Dziak, Simon Elise, Hiroto Enari, Haruka S. Enari, Florence Erbs, Britas Klemens Eriksson, Pınar Ertör-Akyazi, Nina C. Ferrari, Luane Ferreira, Abram B. Fleishman, Paulo J. Fonseca, Bárbara Freitas, Nicholas R. Friedman, Jérémy S. P. Froidevaux, Svetlana Gogoleva, Carolina Gonzaga, José Miguel González Correa, Eben Goodale, Benjamin Gottesman, Ingo Grass, Jack Greenhalgh, Jocelyn Gregoire, Samuel Haché, Jonas Hagge, William Halliday, Antonia Hammer, Tara Hanf-Dressler, Sylvain Haupert, Samara Haver, Becky Heath, Daniel Hending, Jose Hernandez-Blanco, Dennis Higgs, Thomas Hiller, Joe Chun-Chia Huang, Katie Lois Hutchinson, Carole Hyacinthe, Christina Ieronymidou, Iniunam A. Iniunam, Janet Jackson, Alain Jacot, Olaf Jahn, Francis Juanes, K. S. Jasper Kanes, Ellen Kenchington, Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas, Justin Kitzes, Tharaka Kusuminda, Yael Lehnardt, Jialin Lei, Paula Leitman, José León, Deng Li, Cicero Simão Lima-Santos, Kyle John Lloyd, Audrey Looby, Adrià López-Baucells, David López-Bosch, Tristan Louth-Robins, Tatiana Maeda, Franck Malige, Christos Mammides, Gabriel Marcacci, Matthias Markolf, Marinez Isaac Marques, Charles W. Martin, Dominic A. Martin, Kathy Martin, Ellen McArthur, Matthew McKown, Logan J. T. McLeod, Vincent Médoc, Oliver Metcalf, Christoph F. J. Meyer, Grzegorz Mikusinski, Brian Miller, João Monteiro, T. Aran Mooney, Sérgio Moreira, Larissa Sayuri Moreira Sugai, Dave Morris, Sandra Müller, Sebastian Muñoz-Duque, Kelsie A. Murchy, Ivan Nagelkerken, Maria Mas, Rym Nouioua, Carolina Ocampo-Ariza, Julian D. Olden, Steffen Oppel, Anna N. Osiecka, Elena Papale, Miles Parsons, Michael Pashkevich, Julie Patris, João Pedro Marques, Cristian Pérez-Granados, Liliana Piatti, Mauro Pichorim, Matthew K. Pine, Thiago Pinheiro, Jean-Nicolas Pradervand, John Quinn, Bernardo Quintella, Craig Radford, Xavier Raick, Ana Rainho, Emiliano Ramalho, Vijay Ramesh, Sylvie Rétaux, Laura K. Reynolds, Klaus Riede, Talen Rimmer, Noelia Ríos, Ricardo Rocha, Luciana Rocha, Paul Roe, Samuel R. P.-J. Ross, Carolyn M. Rosten, John Ryan, Carlos Salustio-Gomes, Filipa I. P. Samarra, Philip Samartzis, José Santos, Thomas Sattler, Kevin Scharffenberg, Renée P. Schoeman, Karl-Ludwig Schuchmann, Esther Sebastián-González, Sebastian Seibold, Sarab Sethi, Fannie W. Shabangu, Taylor Shaw, Xiaoli Shen, David Singer, Ana Širović, Matthew Slater, Brittnie Spriel, Jenni Stanley, Jérôme Sueur, Valeria da Cunha Tavares, Karolin Thomisch, Simon Thorn, Jianfeng Tong, Laura Torrent, Juan Traba, Junior A. Tremblay, Leonardo Trevelin, Sunny Tseng, Mao-Ning Tuanmu, Marisol Valverde, Ben Vernasco, Manuel Vieira, Raiane Vital da Paz, Matthew Ward, Maryann Watson, Matthew J. Weldy, Julia Wiel, Jacob Willie, Heather Wood, Jinshan Xu, Wenyi Zhou, Songhai Li, Renata Sousa-Lima, Thomas Cherico WangerPostprint (published version

Worldwide Soundscapes: A Synthesis of Passive Acoustic Monitoring Across Realms

Aim: The urgency for remote, reliable and scalable biodiversity monitoring amidst mounting human pressures on ecosystems has sparked worldwide interest in Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM), which can track life underwater and on land. However, we lack a unified methodology to report this sampling effort and a comprehensive overview of PAM coverage to gauge its potential as a global research and monitoring tool. To address this gap, we created the Worldwide Soundscapes project, a collaborative network and growing database comprising metadata from 416 datasets across all realms (terrestrial, marine, freshwater and subterranean). Location: Worldwide, 12,343 sites, all ecosystem types. Time Period: 1991 to present. Major Taxa Studied: All soniferous taxa. Methods: We synthesise sampling coverage across spatial, temporal and ecological scales using metadata describing sampling locations, deployment schedules, focal taxa and audio recording parameters. We explore global trends in biological, anthropogenic and geophysical sounds based on 168 selected recordings from 12 ecosystems across all realms. Results: Terrestrial sampling is spatially denser (46 sites per million square kilometre—Mkm2) than aquatic sampling (0.3 and 1.8 sites/Mkm2 in oceans and fresh water) with only two subterranean datasets. Although diel and lunar cycles are well sampled across realms, only marine datasets (55%) comprehensively sample all seasons. Across the 12 ecosystems selected for exploring global acoustic trends, biological sounds showed contrasting diel patterns across ecosystems, declined with distance from the Equator, and were negatively correlated with anthropogenic sounds. Main Conclusions: PAM can inform macroecological studies as well as global conservation and phenology syntheses, but representation can be improved by expanding terrestrial taxonomic scope, sampling coverage in the high seas and subterranean ecosystems, and spatio‐temporal replication in freshwater habitats. Overall, this worldwide PAM network holds promise to support cross‐realm biodiversity research and monitoring efforts

Worldwide Soundscapes: a synthesis of passive acoustic monitoring across realms

Abstract The urgency for remote, reliable, and scalable biodiversity monitoring amidst mounting human pressures on climate and ecosystems has sparked worldwide interest in Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM), but there has been no comprehensive overview of its coverage across realms. We present metadata from 358 datasets recorded since 1991 in and above land and water constituting the first global synthesis of sampling coverage across spatial, temporal, and ecological scales. We compiled summary statistics (sampling locations, deployment schedules, focal taxa, and recording parameters) and used eleven case studies to assess trends in biological, anthropogenic, and geophysical sounds. Terrestrial sampling is spatially denser (42 sites/M·km 2 ) than aquatic sampling (0.2 and 1.3 sites/M·km 2 in oceans and freshwater) with only one subterranean dataset. Although diel and lunar cycles are well-covered in all realms, only marine datasets (65%) comprehensively sample all seasons. Across realms, biological sounds show contrasting diel activity, while declining with distance from the equator and anthropogenic activity. PAM can thus inform phenology, macroecology, and conservation studies, but representation can be improved by widening terrestrial taxonomic breadth, expanding coverage in the high seas, and increasing spatio-temporal replication in freshwater habitats. Overall, PAM shows considerable promise to support global biodiversity monitoring efforts

Worldwide Soundscapes: a synthesis of passive acoustic monitoring across realms

Abstract The urgency for remote, reliable, and scalable biodiversity monitoring amidst mounting human pressures on climate and ecosystems has sparked worldwide interest in Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM), but there has been no comprehensive overview of its coverage across realms. We present metadata from 358 datasets recorded since 1991 in and above land and water constituting the first global synthesis of sampling coverage across spatial, temporal, and ecological scales. We compiled summary statistics (sampling locations, deployment schedules, focal taxa, and recording parameters) and used eleven case studies to assess trends in biological, anthropogenic, and geophysical sounds. Terrestrial sampling is spatially denser (42 sites/M·km 2 ) than aquatic sampling (0.2 and 1.3 sites/M·km 2 in oceans and freshwater) with only one subterranean dataset. Although diel and lunar cycles are well-covered in all realms, only marine datasets (65%) comprehensively sample all seasons. Across realms, biological sounds show contrasting diel activity, while declining with distance from the equator and anthropogenic activity. PAM can thus inform phenology, macroecology, and conservation studies, but representation can be improved by widening terrestrial taxonomic breadth, expanding coverage in the high seas, and increasing spatio-temporal replication in freshwater habitats. Overall, PAM shows considerable promise to support global biodiversity monitoring efforts

Worldwide Soundscapes: A Synthesis of Passive Acoustic Monitoring Across Realms

International audienceAimThe urgency for remote, reliable and scalable biodiversity monitoring amidst mounting human pressures on ecosystems has sparked worldwide interest in Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM), which can track life underwater and on land. However, we lack a unified methodology to report this sampling effort and a comprehensive overview of PAM coverage to gauge its potential as a global research and monitoring tool. To address this gap, we created the Worldwide Soundscapes project, a collaborative network and growing database comprising metadata from 416 datasets across all realms (terrestrial, marine, freshwater and subterranean).LocationWorldwide, 12,343 sites, all ecosystem types.Time Period1991 to present.Major Taxa StudiedAll soniferous taxa.MethodsWe synthesise sampling coverage across spatial, temporal and ecological scales using metadata describing sampling locations, deployment schedules, focal taxa and audio recording parameters. We explore global trends in biological, anthropogenic and geophysical sounds based on 168 selected recordings from 12 ecosystems across all realms.ResultsTerrestrial sampling is spatially denser (46 sites per million square kilometre—Mkm2) than aquatic sampling (0.3 and 1.8 sites/Mkm2 in oceans and fresh water) with only two subterranean datasets. Although diel and lunar cycles are well sampled across realms, only marine datasets (55%) comprehensively sample all seasons. Across the 12 ecosystems selected for exploring global acoustic trends, biological sounds showed contrasting diel patterns across ecosystems, declined with distance from the Equator, and were negatively correlated with anthropogenic sounds.Main ConclusionsPAM can inform macroecological studies as well as global conservation and phenology syntheses, but representation can be improved by expanding terrestrial taxonomic scope, sampling coverage in the high seas and subterranean ecosystems, and spatio-temporal replication in freshwater habitats. Overall, this worldwide PAM network holds promise to support cross-realm biodiversity research and monitoring efforts

Worldwide Soundscapes: A Synthesis of Passive Acoustic Monitoring Across Realms

Aim: The urgency for remote, reliable and scalable biodiversity monitoring amidst mounting human pressures on ecosystems has sparked worldwide interest in Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM), which can track life underwater and on land. However, we lack a unified methodology to report this sampling effort and a comprehensive overview of PAM coverage to gauge its potential as a global research and monitoring tool. To address this gap, we created the Worldwide Soundscapes project, a collaborative network and growing database comprising metadata from 416 datasets across all realms (terrestrial, marine, freshwater and subterranean). Location: Worldwide, 12,343 sites, all ecosystem types. Time Period: 1991 to present. Major Taxa Studied: All soniferous taxa. Methods: We synthesise sampling coverage across spatial, temporal and ecological scales using metadata describing sampling locations, deployment schedules, focal taxa and audio recording parameters. We explore global trends in biological, anthropogenic and geophysical sounds based on 168 selected recordings from 12 ecosystems across all realms. Results: Terrestrial sampling is spatially denser (46 sites per million square kilometre—Mkm2) than aquatic sampling (0.3 and 1.8 sites/Mkm2 in oceans and fresh water) with only two subterranean datasets. Although diel and lunar cycles are well sampled across realms, only marine datasets (55%) comprehensively sample all seasons. Across the 12 ecosystems selected for exploring global acoustic trends, biological sounds showed contrasting diel patterns across ecosystems, declined with distance from the Equator, and were negatively correlated with anthropogenic sounds. Main Conclusions: PAM can inform macroecological studies as well as global conservation and phenology syntheses, but representation can be improved by expanding terrestrial taxonomic scope, sampling coverage in the high seas and subterranean ecosystems, and spatio‐temporal replication in freshwater habitats. Overall, this worldwide PAM network holds promise to support cross‐realm biodiversity research and monitoring efforts

Worldwide Soundscapes : A Synthesis of Passive Acoustic Monitoring Across Realms

Aim: The urgency for remote, reliable and scalable biodiversity monitoring amidst mounting human pressures on ecosystems has sparked worldwide interest in Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM), which can track life underwater and on land. However, we lack a unified methodology to report this sampling effort and a comprehensive overview of PAM coverage to gauge its potential as a global research and monitoring tool. To address this gap, we created the Worldwide Soundscapes project, a collaborative network and growing database comprising metadata from 416 datasets across all realms (terrestrial, marine, freshwater and subterranean). Location: Worldwide, 12,343 sites, all ecosystem types. Time Period: 1991 to present. Major Taxa Studied: All soniferous taxa. Methods: We synthesise sampling coverage across spatial, temporal and ecological scales using metadata describing sampling locations, deployment schedules, focal taxa and audio recording parameters. We explore global trends in biological, anthropogenic and geophysical sounds based on 168 selected recordings from 12 ecosystems across all realms. Results: Terrestrial sampling is spatially denser (46 sites per million square kilometre—Mkm2) than aquatic sampling (0.3 and 1.8 sites/Mkm2 in oceans and fresh water) with only two subterranean datasets. Although diel and lunar cycles are well sampled across realms, only marine datasets (55%) comprehensively sample all seasons. Across the 12 ecosystems selected for exploring global acoustic trends, biological sounds showed contrasting diel patterns across ecosystems, declined with distance from the Equator, and were negatively correlated with anthropogenic sounds. Main Conclusions: PAM can inform macroecological studies as well as global conservation and phenology syntheses, but representation can be improved by expanding terrestrial taxonomic scope, sampling coverage in the high seas and subterranean ecosystems, and spatio‐temporal replication in freshwater habitats. Overall, this worldwide PAM network holds promise to support cross‐realm biodiversity research and monitoring efforts