Shared attention, gaze and pointing gestures I hearing and deaf children

International audienceThis chapter illustrates the richness of pointing and gaze as integral elements of spontaneous oral interactions both in signing and speaking mother-child dyads. These attention-sharing behaviors help infants interpret their caregivers’ productions. The children will then use them as first communication tools.But they have a particular function for signing children since they are fully integrated into the formal linguistic system of sign language. A comparison between the use of pointing and gaze in the longitudinal data of one deaf signing and one deaf speaking little girl from eight months to two, shows that the deaf child uses gaze and pointing more frequently and with more diversified functions than the hearing child who combines visual and auditory means

politica monetaria, finanza strutturata e mercati finanziari

Current interpretations of financial crisis are rooted on the conviction that banks are always prone to moral hazard and monetary policy has to intervene to avoid bubbles and the subsequent failure . This paper suggests that financial market\u2019s instability derives from the interaction between monetary policy, non bank financial intermediation and securitization process. Following low interest rates policy, profitability falls and securitization offers an opportunity to increase net interest margin. Unfortunately securitization process raise asset prices of investment grade bonds, squeezes returns and risk premium. So non bank financial intermediaries began to look for high yield loans and short term liabilities to boost returns. When monetary policy tightens, yield curve inverted and returns disappear; asset prices deflation begins, risk premium increases and financial crisis follow

Controle da população em animais selvagens – fisiologia reprodutiva sob a influência de métodos anticoncepcionais em animais mamíferos, com ênfase na imunocontracepção: a melhor escolha? Uma revisão da literatura

Human-wildlife conflicts, a growing and sad reality worldwide, makes population control of wildlife and feral animals one of the biggest challenges in wildlife management, especially due to the rapidly expanding human population, and consequently the ever-diminishing natural habitats of animals. Human activities and the destruction of nature forcing wildlife to move inevitably into urban and agricultural areas, causing “conflicts”, such as the risk of zoonosis and traffic accidents, as well as damage to crops in the search for food, whose losses reach millions of dollars. For decades, science has been engaged in extensive efforts to develop methods of “humane” population control methods, and many techniques are being employed in order to control wildlife population. In this article, we present an overview of applied contraceptive methods with simplified graphic demonstrations of their interactions with reproductive physiology, furthermore relating pro and contra of utilized antifertility agents. These are being compared to a set of desired characteristics for free-ranging wildlife for in-field applications, with emphasis on reversible immunocontraception – concluding, therefore, the reasons why this concept is becoming the most appropriate and promising for free-ranging wildlife.Os conflitos Humanos-Animais Selvagens são uma realidade crescente e triste no mundo inteiro, tornando o controle populacional da fauna silvestre e animais ferais o maior desafio, principalmente diante do crescimento da população humana e, consequentemente, da diminuição dos habitats naturais dos animais. As atividades humanas e a destruição da natureza, forçam os animais de vida livre a se dirigirem para áreas urbanas e agrícolas, inevitavelmente, causando conflitos, como o risco de zoonoses, acidentes de trânsito, bem como danos às plantações, quando em busca de alimentos, cujo prejuízo chega a milhões de dólares. Durante décadas, a ciência esteve empenhada em esforços extensivos para desenvolver métodos de controle populacional “humano”; e muitas técnicas foram utilizadas, a fim de se realizar um controle populacional destes animais silvestres. Neste artigo será apresentada uma visão geral dos métodos anticoncepcionais aplicados, com demonstrações gráficas simplificadas de suas interações com a fisiologia reprodutiva, bem como relacionando os prós e os contras dos agentes antifertilidade empregados; também serão comparados com um conjunto de características desejadas para as aplicações em fauna a campo, com ênfase em imunocontracepção reversível, concluindo assim, com as razões do porque este conceito torna-se o mais apropriado e promissor para animais silvestres de vida livre

Reconstruction of the sedimentary heterogeneity in outcropping deep-water channel–levee deposits (Taza–Guercif Basin, late Tortonian, NE Morocco)

In the context of subsurface modeling of deep-water sedimentary systems, it is crucial to confidently identify turbidite channel–levee architectural elements in ancient strata. This becomes particularly critical when working with data of limited resolution, such as wireline well or seismic data. Similarly, in areas with limited outcrop exposure, establishing the temporal relationships of channel–levee systems relies predominantly on inference. Moreover, the paucity of well-documented outcrops exhibiting a continuous sedimentary record between channel-fill and overbank sediments remains a challenge. This work presents the sedimentary architecture of channel–levee Complex 7, one of the late Tortonian (Miocene) slope channel–levee complexes constituting the Tachrift System, which records the infill of the Taza–Guercif Basin in NE Morocco. The basin was on the southern margin of an ancient seaway (the Rifian Corridor) connecting the paleo–Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The objective of this study is to comprehensively document the geometry, as well as the vertical and lateral heterogeneity of facies assemblages in the northwestern part of Complex 7. This approach encompasses geological mapping, detailed facies analysis from thirty-five sedimentary logs, and the implementation of physical stratigraphic correlations. Facies associations and stratigraphic architecture of Complex 7 reveal an eastward channel migration and a subsequent increase in flow energy. Due to exceptional 3-D exposures, this study offers a detailed sedimentological characterization of channel fills and their correlative levee deposits. It also provides valuable insights into the evolution of the parent channel, from its formation to its abandonment, while facilitating sub-seismic-scale lithological calibration for subsurface analogs

Academic Editors: Oriol Talló-Parra and Xavier Manteca The Effects of Light on Vertebrate Welfare: A Review

Visible light is essential for most animals because it controls daily and seasonal rhythms, influences behaviour, sleep, and reproduction, and even affects health and immunity. In the wild, animals are adapted to natural light cycles shaped by day and night, the moon, and the seasons. In captivity, however, animals are often exposed to artificial light that does not match these natural patterns. This can confuse their "internal clocks," disturb sleep, alter activity, and reduce welfare. For example, animals kept in zoo nocturnal houses may experience reversed light cycles so visitors can see them active during the day, while zoo events at night can expose animals to prolonged illumination. Veterinary care can also involve continuous lighting that interferes with recovery. Although some artificial lights can help create safe and attractive environments for visitors, they may not provide the full spectrum of natural sunlight that animals need. New technologies, such as lamps that closely mimic natural light, offer promising alternatives, but their use is still limited. Understanding how different species respond to light and adjusting management accordingly is essential to ensure healthy and natural behaviours. By carefully managing light, institutions that house animals can enhance welfare outcomes and, in the case of zoos and similar facilities, promote education and public engagement. Light plays a central role in regulating biological rhythms, behaviour, and physiology across animal taxa, yet its management in captive settings remains, relatively, underex-plored. This review synthesises current knowledge on the effects of natural and artificial lighting on vertebrate animal welfare. We briefly outline the physical properties of light and how vertebrates perceive it, emphasising evolutionary adaptations to diverse photic environments. We then discuss how light governs circadian and seasonal cycles, influencing activity patterns, sleep, reproduction, metabolism, immune function, and welfare, with the latter addressed through the lens of the Five Domains model. Special attention is given to the disruptive effects of artificial light at night (ALAN), which can desynchronise biological rhythms, alter behaviour, and impair reproduction in captive species. With a focus on zoos, management practices, such as reversed light cycles in nocturnal exhibits and illumination Animals 2025, 15, 3329 https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15223329 Animals 2025, 15, 3329 2 of 35 during public night events, are critically examined in terms of their welfare implications. We highlight both the risks and potential benefits of artificial light technologies, including full-spectrum and spectrally adjusted systems, for creating environments that more closely mimic natural conditions. Finally, we identify knowledge gaps and propose future research, along with a decision tree, emphasising the importance of species-specific lighting protocols that consider evolutionary adaptations, ecological needs, and welfare standards. Effective light management can therefore play a pivotal role in advancing captive animal welfare