2,2,6,6-Tetra­methyl­piperidinium penta­chloro­benzene­thiol­ate

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C9H20N+·C6Cl5S−, two cation–anion pairs are linked by N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds to produce a cyclic aggregate of R 4 2(8) type. The dimers are interconnected via π–π stacking [centroid–centroid distance = 3.851(2) Å] and weak C—H⋯Cl hydrogen-bonding inter­actions

μ-4,4′-Bipyridyl-1:2κ2 N:N′-methanol-2κO-tetrakis(tri-tert-butoxy­silanethiol­ato)-1κ4 O,S;2κ2 S-dizinc(II)

The title compound, [Zn2(C12H27O3SSi)4(C10H8N2)(CH4O)], is a binuclear complex with the two ZnII atoms linked via a bridging 4,4′-bipyridyl ligand. One of the ZnII atoms is penta-coordinated by two O,S-chelating tri-tert-butoxy­silanethiol­ate units and one N atom of a 4,4′-bipyridine ligand, and the other ZnII atom is tetra­hedrally coordinated by two tri-tert-butoxy­silanethiol­ate anions acting as monodentate S ligands, the methanol O atom and the other N atom of the 4,4′-bipyridine ligand. This non-symmetrical coordination induces twisting and bending in the 4,4′-bipyridine ligand and introduces chirality into the system. The crystal studied exhibits inversion twinning. One tert-butyl group is disordered approximately equally over two positions

Carbohydrates metabolism disorders and chronic pancreatitis

WSTĘP. Przewlekłe zapalenie trzustki predysponuje do zaburzeń gospodarki węglowodanowej, takich jak: cukrzyca wtórna, cukrzyca typu 2, upośledzona tolerancja glukozy (IGT, impaired glucose tolerance) oraz nieprawidłowa glikemia na czczo (IFG, impaired fasting glucose). Celem pracy jest analiza zaburzeń gospodarki węglowodanowej, które towarzyszą przewlekłemu zapaleniu trzustki. MATERIAŁ I METODY. Analizie danych klinicznych poddano 200 kolejnych chorych na przewlekłe zapalenie trzustki, hospitalizowanych w Klinice Gastroenterologii i Chorób Przemiany Materii w latach 1999–2003. Przeanalizowano najczęstsze przyczyny przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki, a także określono procentową częstość i typy zaburzeń gospodarki węglowodanowej. Przy rozpoznawaniu IFG za prawidłową przyjęto wartość 5,6 mmol/l (100 mg/dl) według najnowszych zaleceń American Diabetes Association (ADA) i Polskiego Towarzystwa Diabetologicznego (PTD). WYNIKI. Średni wiek chorych na przewlekłe zapalenie trzustki wynosił 50,11 ± 13,27 roku (20–82). Zaburzenia gospodarki węglowodanowej stwierdzono u 146 (73%) pacjentów, najczęściej, bo u 81 (40,5%) z nich, była to cukrzyca wtórna. Nieprawidłową glikemię na czczo rozpoznano u 29 (14,5%) pacjentów. Najczęstszą przyczyną przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki u 120 (60%) badanych było nadużywanie alkoholu. W tej podgrupie najczęściej występowała cukrzyca wtórna (54 chorych — 45%), natomiast 71,1% chorych wymagało leczenia insuliną. Średnia dobowa glikemia wynosiła 8,8 ± 2,95 mmol/l. WNIOSKI. Zaburzenia gospodarki węglowodanowej występują u 75% chorych z przewlekłym zapaleniem trzustki. Najczęstszym typem cukrzycy jest cukrzyca wtórna. U większości pacjentów konieczne jest leczenie insuliną. Chorzy z przewlekłym zapaleniem trzustki wymagają częstych kontroli glikemii.INTRODUCTION. Chronic pancreatitis (CP) predisposes to disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism such as: secondary diabetes, diabetes type 2, an impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and to an impaired fasting glucose (IFG). The aim of the study is analysis of the carbohydrates metabolism disorders associated with CP. MATERIAL AND METHODS. An analysis of clinical data was conducted in 200 next patients with CP hospitalized in Department and Clinic of Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases in years 1999–2003. The percentage frequency of disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism and its types were measured. As a normal range of fasting glucose we accepted levels below 5,6 mmol/l (100 mg/dl), according to the latest recommendations of American Diabetes Association (ADA) and Polish Diabetological Association (PDA). The most common causes of CP were analised, in those subgroups frequency of disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism and its types were measured. RESULTS. The mean age of patients was 50,11 ± 13,27 years (20–82). An impaired carbohydrate metabolism coexisted with CP in 146 (73%) patient, the most frequent type of diabetes was secondary diabetes — 81 (40,5%) patients IFG in 29 (14,5%) patients was diagnosed. The most common cause of CP alcohol abuse — in 120 (60%) cases, in this subgroup the most frequent type of diabetes was secondary diabetes — in 54 (45%) patients. 71,1% of patients needed an insulin treatment. An average 24-hours blood glucose level was 8,8 ± 2,95 mmol/l. CONCLUSIONS. 3/4 of the patients with a chronic pancreatitis are diagnosed with carbohydrate metabolism disorders, the most common type of diabetes is secondary diabetes. The majority of patients need an insulin treatment. Patients with chronic pancreatitis need a monitoring of blood glucose levels

Ammonium tri-tert-butoxy­silanethiol­ate

The cations and anions of the title salt, NH4 +·C12H27O3SSi−, are linked by N—H⋯S and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a linear chain that runs along the a axis of the monoclinic unit cell. The asymmetric unit contains two cations and two anions

Inhibition of Aldose Reductase Prevents Experimental Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice

The bronchial asthma, a clinical complication of persistent inflammation of the airway and subsequent airway hyper-responsiveness, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Several studies have shown that oxidative stress plays a key role in initiation as well as amplification of inflammation in airways. However, still there are no good anti-oxidant strategies available for therapeutic intervention in asthma pathogenesis. Most recent studies suggest that polyol pathway enzyme, aldose reductase (AR), contributes to the pathogenesis of oxidative stress-induced inflammation by affecting the NF-kappaB-dependent expression of cytokines and chemokines and therefore inhibitors of AR could be anti-inflammatory. Since inhibitors of AR have already gone through phase-III clinical studies for diabetic complications and found to be safe, our hypothesis is that AR inhibitors could be novel therapeutic drugs for the prevention and treatment of asthma. Hence, we investigated the efficacy of AR inhibition in the prevention of allergic responses to a common natural airborne allergen, ragweed pollen that leads to airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in a murine model of asthma.Primary Human Small Airway Epithelial Cells (SAEC) were used to investigate the in vitro effects of AR inhibition on ragweed pollen extract (RWE)-induced cytotoxic and inflammatory signals. Our results indicate that inhibition of AR prevents RWE -induced apoptotic cell death as measured by annexin-v staining, increase in the activation of NF-kappaB and expression of inflammatory markers such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cycloxygenase (COX)-2, Prostaglandin (PG) E(2), IL-6 and IL-8. Further, BALB/c mice were sensitized with endotoxin-free RWE in the absence and presence of AR inhibitor and followed by evaluation of perivascular and peribronchial inflammation, mucin production, eosinophils infiltration and airway hyperresponsiveness. Our results indicate that inhibition of AR prevents airway inflammation and production of inflammatory cytokines, accumulation of eosinophils in airways and sub-epithelial regions, mucin production in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and airway hyperresponsiveness in mice.These results suggest that airway inflammation due to allergic response to RWE, which subsequently activates oxidative stress-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines via NF-kappaB-dependent mechanism, could be prevented by AR inhibitors. Therefore, inhibition of AR could have clinical implications, especially for the treatment of airway inflammation, a major cause of asthma pathogenesis