L’interprétation de la criminalisation de la traite des êtres humains en droit pénal canadien à l’aune du Protocole de Palerme : analyse de l’arrêt Urizar de la Cour d’appel du Québec

En janvier 2013, la Cour d’appel du Québec a prononcé la première décision d’un tribunal d’appel canadien interprétant les dispositions du Code criminel adoptées en 2005, lesquelles mettent en oeuvre le Protocole de Palerme et criminalisent la traite des êtres humains. Le tribunal supérieur a affirmé qu’aucun franchissement d’une frontière, par l’un quelconque des acteurs, n’est nécessaire à la reconnaissance de la perpétration de la traite des êtres humains. Or, si une lecture attentive du Protocole permet cette conclusion, l’intention du législateur canadien s’avère, sur ce point, ambiguë en ce qu’il ne fait aucune distinction entre la traite interne et la traite internationale. En l’absence d’une intention claire, il est permis de conclure comme l’a fait la Cour, à une protection accrue de l’ensemble des victimes, canadienne ou étrangère. De plus, l’analyse de l’arrêt Urizar fait ressortir les inadéquations des définitions nationales et internationales de la traite, lesquelles engendrent des problèmes d’interprétation. Finalement, les plus récentes modifications législatives devraient militer en faveur de l’adoption d’un double critère objectif-subjectif dans l’évaluation de l’exploitation sous-jacente à l’infraction de traite des êtres humains.Abstract : In January 2013, the Quebec Court of Appeal rendered for the first time, a decision of a Canadian appellate court interpreting certain Criminal Code provisions adopted in 2005, implementing the Palermo Protocol and criminalizing human trafficking. The Court concluded that actual border-crossing by any of the perpetrators was not required for the human-trafficking offence to apply. However, if a careful reading of the Protocol indeed leads to this conclusion, the stated intent of Parliament remains ambiguous since the law makes no distinction between internal and international trafficking. In the absence of a clearly stated intent, one may conclude, as did the Court of Appeal, that greater protection of all victims, domestic and foreign is provided. Moreover, an analysis of the Urizar decision underlines the inadequacies of the definitions provided of national and international human trafficking, thus creating problems of interpretation. Finally, these most recent legislative changes argue in favour of adopting a dual objective-subjective criterion in assessing the notion of exploitation which underlies the crime of human trafficking

Distance

The only way to kill the fleas, Mama said, is to pinch them between your fingers and drown them in soapy water. If it\u27s just plain tap, they swim to the rim and escape, she said. If ther\u27s soap, it gets in their lungs and it\u27s all over

Always There

In lieu of an abstract, below is the essay\u27s first paragraph. We live in a changing, complex world. We are a society that is on the go, a society that thinks more is always better, one in which technology continues to evolve. We dine out more; up to 50 percent of the money that we spend on food is spent dining out. Most families don’t have the classic home cooked meal where all family members eat at the same time. It seems like there is so much to do and so little time to do it

La promotion de la paternité : Enjeux et perspectives d’avenir

La promotion de la paternité concerne particulièrement le travail social par sa tradition d’intervention et sa praxis actuelle auprès des familles. Il existe par ailleurs des enjeux importants sur les plans représentationnel, transférentiel et politique par rapport à la promotion de la paternité. Cet article explore ces enjeux et dégage des perspectives d’avenir pour ce champ du travail social.Fostering fatherhood is of particular interest to social work due to its longstanding involvement with families. There are, however, representational, transferential and political issues related to the fostering of fatherhood. This article considers these issues and sets its sights on future directions in this area of social work

Firm Heterogeneity and Trade-Policy Stances: Evidence from a Survey of Japanese Producers

Recent research in international political economy has begun to explore the implications of producer heterogeneity for trade politics. Variations in productivity and size lead to systematic variations in market behaviors, especially with respect to firms’ abilities to engage foreign markets. This heterogeneity similarly leads to systematic variations in policy stances: Highly productive firms are more likely to favor trade liberalization than their less productive counterparts. I test the role of firm heterogeneity on trade-policy stances using original and representative survey data of Japanese manufacturers. I find that highly productive firms are more likely to favor liberalization than others, while a large portion of producers is indifferent to trade-policy reform. Other producers do not know how they would be impacted by liberalization; these tend to be smaller than their counterparts. The relationship between productivity and pro-trade attitudes is robust, even when controlling for a wide range of internationalization modes