Духовне життя українців-галичан часів ІІ Речі Посполитої

У статті висвітлюється суспільно-політичне становище в Західній Україні міжвоєнного періоду, дається оцінка тогочасним українським релігійним течіям, які проявлялися, з одно- го боку, у подальшому розмежуванні сил, а з іншого, – у їх консолідації на ґрунті духовності за допомогою Греко-католицької церкви. Протистояння полонізації та асиміляції викристалізовувало в менталітеті українців-галичан духовність, яка згуртовувала мільйонні селянські маси.The article analyses social and political life in Western Ukraine within the inter-war period. Ukrainian religious movements of the period are being evaluated. The author concludes that on the one hand those movements resulted in separation of forces, but on the other hand they caused consolidation of efforts on the basis of Greek Catholic religious principles. The opposition of expansion and assimilation have molded spiritual basis of the Galician Ukrainian mentality that have joined millions of rural citizens together

Risk assessment-led characterisation of the SiteChar UK North Sea site for the geological storage of CO2

Risk assessment-led characterisation of a site for the geological storage of CO2 in the UK northern North Sea was performed for the EU SiteChar research project as one of a portfolio of sites. Implementation and testing of the SiteChar project site characterisation workflow has produced a ‘dry-run’ storage permit application that is compliant with regulatory requirements. A site suitable for commercial-scale storage was characterised, compatible with current and future industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) sources in the northern UK. Pre-characterisation of the site, based on existing information acquired during hydrocarbon exploration and production, has been achieved from publicly available data. The project concept is to store captured CO2 at a rate of 5 Mt per year for 20 years in the Blake Oil Field and surrounding Captain Sandstone saline aquifer. This commercial-scale storage of 100 Mt CO2 can be achieved through a storage scenario combining injection of CO2 into the oil field and concurrent water production down-dip of the field. There would be no encroachment of supercritical phase CO2 for more than two kilometres beyond the field boundary and no adverse influence on operating hydrocarbon fields provided there is pressure management. Components of a storage permit application for the site are presented, developed as far as possible within a research project. Characterisation and technical investigations were guided by an initial assessment of perceived risks to the prospective site and a need to provide the information required for the storage permit application. The emphasis throughout was to reduce risks and uncertainty on the subsurface containment of stored CO2, particularly with respect to site technical performance, monitoring and regulatory issues, and effects on other resources. The results of selected risk assessment-led site characterisation investigations and the subsequent risk reassessments are described together with their implications for the understanding of the site. Additional investigations are identified that could further reduce risks and uncertainties, and enable progress toward a full storage permit application. Permit performance conditions are presented as SiteChar-recommended useful tools for discussion between the competent authority and operator

Lexical frequency effects on articulation:a comparison of picture naming and reading aloud

The present study investigated whether lexical frequency, a variable that is known to affect the time taken to utter a verbal response, may also influence articulation. Pairs of words that differed in terms of their relative frequency, but were matched on their onset, vowel, and number of phonemes (e.g. map vs. mat, where the former is more frequent than the latter) were used in a picture naming and a reading aloud task. Low-frequency items yielded slower response latencies than high-frequency items in both tasks, with the frequency effect being significantly larger in picture naming compared to reading aloud. Also, initial-phoneme durations were longer for low-frequency items than for high-frequency items. The frequency effect on initial-phoneme durations was slightly more prominent in picture naming than in reading aloud, yet its size was very small, thus preventing us from concluding that lexical frequency exerts an influence on articulation. Additionally, initial-phoneme and whole-word durations were significantly longer in reading aloud compared to picture naming. We discuss our findings in the context of current theories of reading aloud and speech production, and the approaches they adopt in relation to the nature of information flow (staged vs. cascaded) between cognitive and articulatory levels of processing

Machine Translation in the Workplace: Deciding on the Whether, Why and How

Machine Translation (MT) is used intensively by all kinds of professionals around the world. These translation tools, in the form of a web interface, mobile phone app or as a plugin, bring with them enormous advantages: they are instantly available in a multitude of languages, often cost-free, easy to use and most of the time correct. However, they do carry certain risks, often unknown to the professionals using them. The ineffective use of MT could lead to situations of misunderstanding or misuse with real legal, medical or other implications. Hence the need for professionals to develop an informed and critical attitude towards the use of MT, in order to both harvest its potential and mitigate its risks. This notion is known as Machine Translation literacy, or MT literacy. There is however a considerable lack of studies on how and why MT is used in different professional contexts outside the translation industry: with the research described in this article, we aim to further the understanding of what professionals do with MT in different professional contexts, and to uncover a set of core elements that apply in all professional contexts, with the goal of helping professionals determine whether and how they can use MT in a particular professional situation

Machine translation in the workplace: deciding on the Whether, Why and How

Machine Translation (MT) is used intensively by all kinds of professionals around the world. These translation tools, in the form of a web interface, mobile phone app or as a plugin, bring with them enormous advantages: they are instantly available in a multitude of languages, often cost-free, easy to use and most of the time correct. However, they do carry certain risks, often unknown to the professionals using them. The ineffective use of MT could lead to situations of misunderstanding or misuse with real legal, medical or other implications. Hence the need for professionals to develop an informed and critical attitude towards the use of MT, in order to both harvest its potential and mitigate its risks. This notion is known as Machine Translation literacy, or MT literacy. There is however a considerable lack of studies on how and why MT is used in different professional contexts outside the translation industry: with the research described in this article, we aim to further the understanding of what professionals do with MT in different professional contexts, and to uncover a set of core elements that apply in all professional contexts, with the goal of helping professionals determine whether and how they can use MT in a particular professional situation.Descriptive and Comparative Linguistic

Variability in the articulation and perception of a word

The words making up a speaker’s mental lexicon may be stored as abstract phonological representations or else they may be stored as detailed acoustic-phonetic representations. The speaker’s articulatory gestures intended to represent a word show relatively high variability in spontaneous speech. The aim of this paper is to explore the acoustic-phonetic patterns of the Hungarian word akkor ‘then, at that time’. Ten speakers’ recorded spontaneous speech with a total duration of 255 minutes and containing 286 occurrences of akkor were submitted to analysis. Durational and frequency patterns were measured by means of the Praat software. The results obtained show higher variability both within and across speakers than it had been expected. Both the durations of the words and those of the speech sounds, as well as the vowel formants, turned out to significantly differ across speakers. In addition, the results showed considerable within-speaker variation as well. The correspondence between variability in the objective acoustic-phonetic data and the flexibility and adaptive nature of the mental representation of a word will be discussed.For the perception experiments, two speakers of the previous experiment were selected whose 48 words were then used as speech material. The listeners had to judge the quality of the words they heard using a five-point scale. The results confirmed that the listeners used diverse strategies and representations depending on the acoustic-phonetic parameters of the series of occurrences of akkor

Portrayal of Shared Decision-Making in Lifetime Documentary Series 'One Born Every Minute'

Background: Pregnant women use childbirth reality programs to prepare themselves for childbirth. It is unknown how shared decision-making in intrapartum midwifery care is represented in televised birth. We aimed to explore the portrayal of shared decision-making during labour and birth in lifetime documentary series One born every minute. Methods: We analysed a total of 41 labour and birth storylines, triangulating deductive and inductive content analysis methods. We described the participants’ personal and birth details. We coded, quantified and organised woman-midwife dialogues and selected the shared-decision making data. Content analysis of shared decision-making fragments was organised following the three-steps of shared decision-making.Results: A first investigation resulted in a classification of: ‘building-a-relationship’ and ‘decision-making’. The decision-making fragments included ‘unilateral decision-making’ and ‘shared decision-making’. 287 shared decision-making fragments were ordered in three themes: 1. Choice talk: Women presented their personal wishes, resonating their awareness of having intrapartum care options. More often, midwives introduced decision-making with implicit referral to the proposal of choices. 2. Option talk: Midwives predominantly provided detailed information of various options and the consequences of these options. 3. Decision talk mainly included the midwife’s support of women’s decisions for which consent was obtained, albeit it in a rather informal way. Choice talk and decision talk most often occurred, sometimes simultaneously. Listing women’s options, exploring her preferences, wishes and values and deliberation of women’s intrapartum choices were underexposed.Conclusion: Shared decision-making is being portrayed as both woman and midwife-initiated. The midwives in this study did not always follow the linear stepwise model but tended to utilise a more fluid transition between choice, option and decision talk. Shared decision-making is facilitated by the relationship between the woman and the midwife during the intrapartum period, requiring evaluation and reflection. Birth partners should not be disregarded in intrapartum shared decision-making processes