Iconoclasts Anonymous: Why did it take Historians so long to identify the Image-breakers of 1566?

This article asks why until the mid-twentieth century both Catholic and Protestant interpretations of the iconoclasm converged on the anonymising of the iconoclasts of 1566. It argues that, while a greater availability of sources, better source criticism and international debates helped eventually to give the iconoclasts a face, the main reason why it has took so long for the image-breakers to lose their anonymity was that it was in no one’s interest to identify the culprits.   For centuries, Protestants considered the iconoclasm an embarrassment, and preferred to dismiss its perpetrators as ‘rabble’, while Catholics in the Southern Netherlands tended to dismiss them as foreigers, manipulated by the nobility. Their anonymity was lifted through the intervention of German historian Erich Kuttner, whose main thesis was proven wrong, but at last triggered serious research into the identity of the iconoclasts, as well as alternative explanations of their motives.   This article is part of the special issue 'Beeldenstorm'.   ‘Iconoclasts Anonymous’. Waarom duurde het zo lang voordat historici de beeldenstormers van 1566 identificeerden? Dit artikel werpt de vraag op waarom zowel katholieke als protestantse geschiedschrijvers tot de tweede helft van de twintigste eeuw zo weinig belangstelling hadden voor de identiteit van de beeldenstormers van 1566. Hoewel bredere beschikbaarheid van bronnenmateriaal, betere bronnenkritiek en internationale debatten uiteindelijk hielpen om de beeldenstormers een gezicht te kunnen geven, betoogt dit artikel dat het eeuwenlang vooral in niemands belang was om de daders te identificeren.   Protestanten vonden de herinnering aan de Beeldenstorm erg pijnlijk en maakten daarom anoniem arm ‘gespuis’ tot zondebok, terwijl katholieken in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden ze het liefst wegzetten als de buitenlandse werktuigen van opstandige edellieden. Hun anonimiteit werd opgeheven door de interventie van de Duitse historicus Erich Kuttner, wiens interpretatie weliswaar niet houdbaar bleek, maar wiens werk wel de aanzet werd tot serieus onderzoek naar de beeldenbrekers, en alternatieve verklaringen voor hun motieven.   Dit artikel maakt deel uit van het themanummer 'Beeldenstorm'

Direction Reconstruction using a CNN for GeV-Scale Neutrinos in IceCube

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory observes neutrinos interacting deep within the South Pole ice. It consists of 5,160 digital optical modules, which are embedded within a cubic kilometer of ice, over depths of 1,450 m to 2,450 m. At the lower center of the array is the DeepCore subdetector. Its denser sensor configuration lowers the observable energy threshold to the GeV-scale, facilitating the study of atmospheric neutrino oscillations. The precise reconstruction of neutrino direction is critical in the measurements of oscillation parameters. This work presents a method to reconstruct the zenith angle of GeV-scale events in IceCube by using a convolutional neural network and compares the result to that of the current likelihood-based reconstruction algorithm

Hybrid cosmic ray measurements using the IceAct telescopes in coincidence with the IceCube and IceTop detectors

IceAct is a proposed surface array of compact (50 cm diameter) and cost-effective Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes installed at the site of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the geographic South Pole. Since January 2019, two IceAct telescope demonstrators, featuring 61 silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) pixels have been taking data in the center of the IceTop surface array during the austral winter. We present the first analysis of hybrid cosmic ray events detected by the IceAct imaging air-Cherenkov telescopes in coincidence with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, including the IceTop surface array and the IceCube in-ice array. By featuring an energy threshold of about 10 TeV and a wide field-of-view, the IceAct telescopes show promising capabilities of improving current cosmic ray composition studies: measuring the Cherenkov light emissions in the atmosphere adds new information about the shower development not accessible with the current detectors, enabling significantly better primary particle type discrimination on a statistical basis. The hybrid measurement also allows for detailed feasibility studies of detector cross-calibration and of cosmic ray veto capabilities for neutrino analyses. We present the performance of the telescopes, the results from the analysis of two years of data, and an outlook of a hybrid simulation for a future telescope array