La guerre contre le narcotrafic de Felipe Calderón: de la crise sécuritaire à la tragédie humanitaire

Felipe Calderón Hinojosa is the second president of the Mexican political alternation, but, in contrast with his predecessor, Vicente Fox, he came into power in 2006 with a very small margin. During his presidential campaign, he did not present himself as the candidate of the war on drug trafficking. Nevertheless, he declared it a few days after his inauguration as president, which is presumably his main political legacy. The goal of this article is precisely to analyze how a president, who made the war on drug trafficking the priority of his six-year term (2006-2012), was able to paradoxically contribute to the development of a deep security crisis that quickly became a true humanitarian crisis. In the first part of this paper, we will study the declaration of the war on drugs by Felipe Calderón by asking us if it was a means to legitimize his coming to power in the context of the most controversial election in contemporary Mexican history. In the second part, we will analyze the pillar of Felipe Calderón Hinojosa's security policy that we describe as “improvised”: i.e. militarization. In a third and last part, we will try to explain why the security crisis became a true humanitarian tragedy in Mexico and to decipher what its main features are.Felipe Calderón Hinojosa es el segundo presidente de la alternancia política mexicana, pero, contrariamente a su antecesor Vicente Fox, llegó al poder en 2006 con un muy escaso margen. Durante su campaña presidencial no se había presentado como el candidato de la guerra al narcotráfico. Sin embargo, la declaró pocos días después de entrar en función y esa guerra es probablemente su principal legado político. La meta de este artículo es precisamente analizar cómo un presidente que hizo de la guerra al narcotráfico la prioridad de su sexenio (2006-2012) pudo contribuir, de manera paradójica, al desarrollo de una profunda crisis de seguridad, que se convirtió rápidamente en una verdadera crisis humanitaria. En una primera parte, estudiaremos la declaración de guerra al narcotráfico por parte de Felipe Calderón preguntándonos si fue un medio para legitimar su llegada al poder en el marco de las elecciones más controvertidas de la historia contemporánea de México. En una segunda parte, analizaremos el pilar de la política de seguridad de Felipe Calderón Hinojosa que calificamos de “improvisada”, i.e. la militarización. En una tercera y última parte, trataremos de explicar por qué la crisis de seguridad se convirtió en una verdadera tragedia humanitaria en México y de descifrar cuáles fueron sus principales rasgos.Felipe Calderón est le deuxième président de l’alternance politique mexicaine, mais, contrairement à son prédécesseur, il est arrivé au pouvoir en 2006 à la suite d’une élection très controversée. Pendant sa campagne électorale, il ne s’était pas présenté comme le président qui allait déclarer la guerre contre le narcotrafic. Cependant, il la déclara quelques jours après avoir pris ses fonctions et cette guerre constitue probablement son principal héritage politique. L’objectif de cet article est précisément d’analyser comment un président qui a fait de la guerre contre narcotrafic la priorité de son sexennat a pu, de manière paradoxale, contribuer au développement d’une profonde crise sécuritaire qui est rapidement devenue une véritable crise humanitaire. Dans une première partie, nous nous intéresserons à la déclaration de guerre contre le narcotrafic en nous demandant si celle- ci a pu constituer une tentative de légitimation de la part de Felipe Calderón dans le cadre de l’élection la plus controversée de l’histoire contemporaine du Mexique. Dans une seconde partie, nous analyserons le pilier de la politique de sécurité du président que nous qualifions d’improvisée: la militarisation. Dans une troisième partie, nous expliquerons pourquoi la crise sécuritaire a engendré une crise humanitaire en abordant ses principaux aspects

Aproveitamento do calor disponível nas râmolas da Tintojal

Bourgeois Léon. Arrêté fixant la date de l'ouverture du concours pour l'obtention des bourses de licence. In: Bulletin administratif de l'instruction publique. Tome 47 n°898, 1890. p. 367

The plant-specific DDR factor SOG1 increases chromatin mobility in response to DNA damage

Homologous recombination (HR) is a conservative DNA repair pathway in which intact homologous sequences are used as a template for repair. How the homology search happens in the crowded space of the cell nucleus is, however, still poorly understood. Here, we measure chromosome and double-strand break (DSB) site mobility in Arabidopsis thaliana, using lacO/LacI lines and two GFP-tagged HR reporters. We observe an increase in chromatin mobility upon the induction of DNA damage, specifically at the S/G2 phases of the cell cycle. This increase in mobility is lost in the sog1-1 mutant, a central transcription factor of the DNA damage response in plants. Also, DSB sites show particularly high mobility levels and their enhanced mobility requires the HR factor RAD54. Our data suggest that repair mechanisms promote chromatin mobility upon DNA damage, implying a role of this process in the early steps of the DNA damage response

Terrorism in the Political Landscape of Post-peace Accord in Colombia

En Colombia el terrorismo no es una amenaza nueva a la seguridad nacional. Históricamente el terrorismo ha estado estrechamente vinculado a la existencia del conflicto armado interno y a la evolución del método de acción de sus actores principales o periféricos (guerrilleros, narcotraficantes o paramilitares). El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los tipos de terrorismo que han existido en Colombia, así como la manera en la que ha afectado la seguridad, para presentar la evolución del terrorismo en el contexto político nacional hasta el escenario actual del posacuerdoIn Colombia, terrorism is not a new threat to national security. Terrorism historically has been closely linked to the existence of an internal armed conflict and to the evolution of the “method of action” (método de acción) carried out by its main and secondary actors (guerrilla fighters, drug traffickers, militiamen). This article aims to analyze the different types of terrorism that have existed in Colombia as well as the way they have affected security and, finally, present its evolution in the national political context, from the signing of the most recent peace accord to the present

The overlooked manipulation of nucleolar functions by plant pathogen effectors

Pathogens need to manipulate plant functions to facilitate the invasion of their hosts. They do this by secreting a cocktail of molecules called effectors. Studies of these molecules have mostly focused on the mechanisms underlying their recognition and the subsequent transcriptional reprogramming of cells, particularly in the case of R gene-dependent resistance. However, the roles of these effectors are complex, as they target all cell compartments and their plant targets remain largely uncharacterized. An understanding of the mechanisms involved would be a considerable asset for plant breeding. The nucleolus is the site of many key cellular functions, such as ribosome biogenesis, cellular stress regulation and many other functions that could be targets for pathogenicity. However, little attention has been paid to effectors targeting nucleolar functions. In this review, we aim to fill this gap by providing recent findings on pathogen effectors that target and manipulate nucleolar functions and dynamics to promote infection. In particular, we look at how some effectors hijack ribosome biogenesis, the modulation of transcription or alternative splicing, all key functions occurring at least partially in the nucleolus. By shedding light on the role of the plant nucleolus in pathogen interactions, this review highlights the importance of understanding nucleolar biology in the context of plant immunity and the mechanisms manipulated by plant pathogens

Tidying-up the plant nuclear space: domains, functions, and dynamics

Understanding how the packaging of chromatin in the nucleus is regulated and organized to guide complex cellular and developmental programmes, as well as responses to environmental cues is a major question in biology. Technological advances have allowed remarkable progress within this field over the last years. However, we still know very little about how the 3D genome organization within the cell nucleus contributes to the regulation of gene expression. The nuclear space is compartmentalized in several domains such as the nucleolus, chromocentres, telomeres, protein bodies, and the nuclear periphery without the presence of a membrane around these domains. The role of these domains and their possible impact on nuclear activities is currently under intense investigation. In this review, we discuss new data from research in plants that clarify functional links between the organization of different nuclear domains and plant genome function with an emphasis on the potential of this organization for gene regulation.EU COST action INDEPTH [CA16212]; College of Science (NUI Galway); NUI Galway Research Grant for Returning Academic Careers [QA151]; Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsradet) [2018-0410]; ITQB-NOVA; GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) [DL 57-002/DL/2018]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic INTER-COST project [LTC19050]; ANR JCJC NucleoReg [ANR-15-CE12-0013-01]; French Laboratory of Excellence project TULIP [ANR-10-LABX-41, ANR-11-IDEX-0002-02]; European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [757600]; Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [118Z589]; DFG [CRC973]; IMPRS-BAC; Saclay Plant Science-SPS [ANR-17-EUR-0007]; European Research Council (ERC) [757600] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC); Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) [ANR-15-CE12-0013] Funding Source: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)This review integrates the collaborative efforts supported by the EU COST action INDEPTH (CA16212, www.brookes.ac.uk/indepth/).The authors acknowledge their respective funding agencies and programmes: SF was supported by the College of Science (NUI Galway) and by an NUI Galway Research Grant for Returning Academic Careers QA151; SR was supported by the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsradet) grant no. 2018-0410; APS was supported by ITQB-NOVA, GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability', and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) by DL 57-002/DL/2018; IM was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic INTER-COST project LTC19050; FP was supported by the ANR JCJC NucleoReg [ANR-15-CE12-0013-01] and by the French Laboratory of Excellence project TULIP (ANR-10-LABX-41 and ANR-11-IDEX-0002-02); CL was supported by the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 757600); ALT was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) through 118Z589; DS was supported by the DFG-funded CRC973 (project C7) and IMPRS-BAC; the Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin benefits from the support of Saclay Plant Science-SPS (ANR-17-EUR-0007)

Tidying-up the plant nuclear space: domains, functions, and dynamics (vol 71, pg 5160, 2020)

[Abstract Not Available