Can children influence policy? The contribution of working children's union's [i.e. unions] in tackling child labour : a case study of Bhima Sangha, Karnataka, India : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University

The high incidences of child labour across the globe commands worldwide attention and have given rise to a number of competing explanations. Broadly speaking, these explanations can be categorised under those factors, which focus on poverty and under-development, and those which focus on policy failure and poor implementation of educational services. However, in the debates of child labour, grossly neglected are the experiences and voices of working children. Giving children a voice and space to participate in debates surrounding child labour, has thrown up a whole range of questions, challenging common assumptions of childhood and the relationship between children and adults. By reviewing the body of literature on working children's movements, their involvement and contribution towards policies and decisions in the struggle against child labour, the following research provides pragmatic perspectives on the appropriateness and capability of children to participate in decision making processes and the importance of recognising working children's movements in the debates and dilemmas surrounding child labour

In vitro comparison of flexural strength and elastic modulus of three provisional crown materials used in fixed prosthodontics

Objectives: To evaluate and compare the flexural strength and the elastic moduli of three provisional crown materials (methyl methacrylate based autopolymerized resin, bis acryl composite based autopolymerized resin and urethane dimethacrylate based light polymerized resin) after storing in artificial saliva and testing at intervals of 24 hours and 7 days. Study design: A metal master mould with four slots of dimensions 25x2x2 mm was fabricated to obtain samples of standard dimensions. A total of 135 specimens were thus obtained with 45 each of three provisional materials. Further 15 samples of each group were tested after storing for one hour at room temperature and again at intervals of 24 hours and 7 days after storing in artificial saliva. Three point flexural tests were carried out in the universal testing machine to calculate the flexural strength and the elastic modulus. The changes were calculated and data was analyzed with Fisher's test and ANOVA. Results: The flexural strength of the methyl methacrylate resin reduced significantly while bis-acrylic composite resin showed a significant increase in its flexural strength after storing in artificial saliva for 24 hours and the values of both remained constant thereafter. Contrary to these findings, light polymerized resin showed a significant decrease in flexural strength after storing in artificial saliva for 24 hours and then significantly increased in flexural strength after 7 days. However the changes in the values for elastic modulus of respective materials were statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Methacrylate based autopolymerizing resin showed the highest flexural strength and elastic moduli after fabrication and after storing in artificial saliva and for 24 hours and 7 days. Bis-acrylic composite resin showed the least flexural strength and elastic moduli

The Question of “Identities”: Separate State Movements in Karnataka with Special Reference to Coorg

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Roll-Formed Profile for Door Beams

Disclosed is a roll-formed closed section manufactured from a high strength aluminum alloy, such as, but not limited to, s701 T6, s650 T6, or other cold formable 7xxx alloys, depending on load requirements. The roll forming may occur in a soft state (F or T4) at room temperature. If higher formability is required, induction heating may be combined with roll forming. As shown in Fig. 1 below, the section is gradually formed to a closed shape resembling the Greek small letter Pi (p). Beams from this profile are well suited as door beams or Side Impact Beams (SIB), but may be used as any load-bearing beam, such as bumper beams or other structural reinforcements that limit intrusion in a crash

MODELING OF GROWTH RATES OF SELECTIVE EPITAXIAL GROWTH (SEG) AND EPITAXIAL LATERAL OVERGROWTH (ELO) OF SILICON IN THE SIH2CL2-HCL-H2 SYSTEM

A semi-empirical model for the growth rate of selective epitaxial silicon(SEG) in the Dichlorosilane-HC1-Hz system that represents the experimenltal data has been presented. All epitaxy runs were done using a Gemini-I LPCVD pancake reactor. Dichlorosilane was used as the source gas and hydrogen as the carrier gas. Hydrogen Cllloride(HC1) was used to ensure that no nucleation took place on the oxide. The growth rate expression was considered to be the sum of a growth term dependent on the partial pressures of Dichlorosilane and hydrogen, and an etch berm that varies as the partial pressure of HC1. The growth and etch terms were found to have an Arrhenius relation with temperature, with activation energies of 52kcal/mol and 36kcal/mol respectively. Good agreement was obtained with experimental data. The variation of the selectivity threshold was correctly predicted, which had been a problem with earlier models for SEG growth rates. SEG/ELO Silicon was grown from 920-970°C at 40 and 150 torr pressures for a variety of HCI concentrations. In addition previous data collected by our research group at 820-1020°C and 40-150torr were used in the model

Managing risk, changing aspirations and household dynamics: implications for wellbeing and adaptation in semi-arid Africa and India

Semi-arid regions across Africa and Asia are characterized by rapidly changing biophysical regimes, structural vulnerabilities, and increasing livelihood precarity. Gender, class, and caste/ethnic identities and relationships, and the specific social, economic and political power, roles and responsibilities they entail, shape the choices and decisions open to individuals and households in managing the risks they face. Unpacking the multiple, intersecting inequalities confronting rural populations in these climate hotspots is therefore vital to understand how risk can be managed in a way that supports effective, inclusive, and sustainable local adaptation. Drawing on empirical evidence from six countries, generated through a mixed methods approach, we examine how changes in household dynamics, structure, and aspirations, shape risk management with implications for household well-being, adaptive capacity, and ultimately sustainable development. The ability of individuals within households, differentiated by age, marital status, or education, to manipulate the very structure of the household and the material and social resources it offers, differentiates risk management strategies such as livelihood diversification, migration, changing agricultural practices and leveraging social support. Our evidence suggests that while greater risks can drive conflictive behavior within households, with women often reporting lower subjective wellbeing, new forms of cooperative behavior are also emerging, especially in peri-urban spaces. Through this study, we identify entry points into enabling sustainable and inclusive adaptation behavior, emphasizing that interventions should work for both women and men by challenging inequitable social and gender norms and renegotiating the domains of work and cooperation to maintain overall household wellbeing