Gravitational sliding of the carbonate megablocks in the Vipava Valley, SW Slovenia

The area of Lokavec in the Vipava Valley, SW Slovenia, consists of Mesozoic carbonates thrust over Paleogene siliciclastic flysch. Overthrusting and tectonic damage of carbonates accelerated their mechanical disintegration. As a result, accumulations of slope gravel and large carbonate gravitational blocks are deposited on the slopes. Based on previous research, basic geological mapping and analysis of the DEM, ten carbonate blocks were identified. The aim of our research was to map lithology, measure and analyse the dip of carbonate strata and to determine transport mechanisms for individual blocks. The displacement of blocks from the source area ranged from 80 m to 1950 m. With the displacement of gravitational blocks, changes in dip direction and dip angle were also observed. The differences between the strata dip of carbonate source area and gravitational megablocks are from 4° to 59°

Transport mechanisms and depositional processes of quaternary slope deposit in Rebrnice area

In order to understand the gravity process of recent landslides it is important to explore fossil\ud landslides, which occurred during the near and distant geological past. Fossil, especially sub recent\ud landslides can show us unstable and potentially dangerous areas to which we should pay attention\ud today. A unique insight into different slope processes in nature is certainly Rebrnice area, where you\ud can research the characteristics of the fossil landslides while observing the activity of the recent\ud landslidess. The slope deposit in the Rebrnice area were described and mapped by many authors but\ud nobody has covered the transport mechanisms and depositional processes of quaternary slope deposit\ud in detail. This doctoral thesis presents the study of slope deposit elaborated with the geologicalgeomorphological\ud approach. With the visual interpretation of the shaded digital elevation model and\ud indicator of surface roughness, which are calculated from the data of airborne laser scanning in the\ud combination of geological mapping, we can in most cases clearly identify the form of the prevalence\ud and surface characteristics of individual sedimentary bodies. On the basis of the lithological,\ud stratigraphic and architectural characteristics of the slope deposit 16 facies were separated, indicating\ud the final articles of diverse sedimentary processes within complex and often interlaced and\ud interdependent transport mechanisms. Results described in this work, and a comprehensive review of\ud the available data and literature have made it possible to understand the transport mechanisms and the\ud depositional processes of quaternary slope deposit in the Rebrnice area and thereby allow new insight\ud into slope movement throughout the northern area of the Vipava Valley

Origin of the Jezero v Ledvicah lake; a depression in a gutter-shaped karstic aquifer (Julian Alps, NW Slovenia)

The Julian Alps are composed almost exclusively of Triassic to Lower Jurassic carbonates, which results in a karstified high-al­pine landscape. In such settings, large water accumulations are not expected and precipitated water drains vertically, gathers in deep, large-scale aquifers, and outflows in large karstic springs located in deeply incised valleys. Some small lakes, however, exist in high alpine areas. Most commonly, they formed above impermeable glacial sediments and are generally characterized by stagnant waters. Jezero v Ledvicah lake, which is one of the seven lakes in the Triglav Lakes Valley, is an exception, because it shows high subaqueous water inflow and outflow and occurs among highly karstified and permeable carbonates. Combining previous research with our new, detailed geological mapping of the lake surroundings and sedimentary research on the Lower Jurassic strata, we propose a hydrogeological model with the aim of explaining the extraordinary behaviour of the lake. We propose that Jezero v Ledvicah lake: A) is part of the “gutter-shaped” aquifer with perched groundwater that is situated below the floor of the Triglav Lakes Valley; B) barriers of the aquifer are structural (faults and thrust) and stratigraphic (clay interlayers in Lower Jurassic limestone); C) the lake formed in a structural, hydrogeological and morphological depression within this aquifer; D) the groundwater of the aquifer is re­charged not solely from the surface directly above the aquifer but additionally by subterraneous inflow from the overlying Slatna Nappe aquifer; and E) groundwater outflows from the aquifer at the southern end of the Triglav Lakes Valley, where the Lower Jurassic limestone pinches out.Key words: high-alpine lake, karstic aquifer, Julian Alps, Triglav Lakes Valley, Jurassic limestone, Southern Alps.Nastanek Jezera v Ledvicah – globel v žlebu podobnem kraškem vodonosniku (Julijske Alpe, SZ Slovenija)Julijske Alpe skoraj v celoti sestavljajo triasni in jurski karbonati, kar se odraža v morfologiji kraške visokogorske pokrajine. V tovrstnih razmerah ni pričakovati večjih površinskih pojavov vode, saj padavinska voda pronica vertikalno in se akumulira v obsežnih globokih vodonosnikih, iz teh pa izteka v izdatnih kraških izvirih, ki so v globoko vrezanih dolinah. Kljub temu v alpskem visokogorju obstaja nekaj manjših jezer. Večina jih je nastala nad neprepustnimi ledeniškimi sedimenti in jih lahko opredelimo kot stoječe vode. Jezero v Ledvicah, ki je eno izmed sedmih jezer v dolini Triglavskih jezer, je izjema, saj ima močno podzemno napajanje in iztok (je pretočno) ter se pojavlja med močno zakraselimi in prepustnimi karbonati. Na podlagi predhodnih raziskav, izdelave nove geološke karte okolice jezera in sedimentoloških raziskav spodnjejurskih plasti predlagamo strukturno-geološki in hidrogeološki model, da bi razložili nastanek in lokacijo jezera. Naše ugotovitve kažejo, da je A) Jezero v Ledvicah del žlebu podobnega vodonosnika z visečo podzemno vodo, ki se pojavlja v jurskih plasteh pod dnom doline Triglavskih jezer, B) da so hidrogeološke bariere vodonosnika strukturne (prelomi in nariv) in stratigrafske (plasti gline v spodnjejurskem apnencu), C) da je jezero nastalo v strukturni, hidrogeološki in morfološki depresiji znotraj vodonosnika, D) da se podzemna voda ne napaja izključno iz padavin, ki padejo neposredno na površino vodonosnika, ampak dodatno s podzemnim napajanjem iz višje ležečega vodonosnika Slatenske tektonske krpe in E) da podzemna voda izteka iz vodonosnika na južnem delu doline Triglavskih jezer, kjer se plastnati spodnjejurski apnenci (in s tem vodonosnik) izklinjajo.Ključne besede: visokogorsko jezero, kraški vodonosnik, Julijske Alpe, dolina Triglavskih jezer, jurski apnenec, Južne Alpe

Debris flooding magnitude estimation based on relation between dendrogeomorphological and meteorological records

Debris floods are mass movement events which are usually triggered by intense short duration rainfall events. They often occur on alluvial fans in an alpine environment. Due to their sever geohazard potential they pose a serious threat to infrastructure and human life. To minimize their threat understanding of their past magnitude occurrence is crucial. Dendrogeomorphology has proven to be a highly useful method in studies of past slope mass movements. However, establishing magnitudes of past events has so far been based on indirect indicators, such as: spatial distribution of affected trees, characteristics of tree injures and sedimentological records. In this study we present a method that directly estimates the magnitudes of past debris flood events on an alluvial fan using dendrogeomorphological and meteorological data sets. The studied dendrogeomorphological data set is based on tree-ring series from 105 sampled trees (Picea abies, Abies alba and Larix decidua) growing on an active alluvial fan in a typical alpine environment of the Julian Alps in NWSlovenia. Based on sudden growth suppression thirteen debris flood events since 1903 were dated. Meteorological data from a nearby meteorological station was used to determine the exact triggering meteorological event for ten events. Comparing the It index of affected trees and calculated return period of an individual triggering meteorological event established the magnitude of debris flooding.Weshowed thatmore trees are affected at high return period/intensity of the triggering meteorological event and therefore higher magnitudes of debris floods. This research presents the first combined use of dendrogeomorphological and meteorological data sets for magnitude estimation of historic debris flood events which could be successfully applied in similar environments

A glimpse of the lost Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic architecture of the Dinaric Carbonate Platform margin and slope

In the southernmost outcrops of the Slovenian Basin the Middle Jurassic coarse-grained limestone breccia (mega)beds are interstratified within a succession that is otherwise dominated by hemipelagites and distal turbidites. In this paper, these beds are described as the Ponikve Breccia Member of the Tolmin Formation. We provide descriptions of the studied sections with detailed geological maps and analysis of the breccia lithoclasts. From the latter, a non-outcropping margin of the Dinaric Carbonate Platform is reconstructed. In the Late Triassic the platform margin was characterized by a Dachstein-type marginal reef. After the end-Triassic extinction event, the platform architecture remained, but the reefs were replaced by sand shoals characterized by ooids. In the late Early Jurassic and/or early Middle Jurassic a slope area might have been dissected by normal faults and a step-like paleotopography was formed. In the Bajocian, during a period of major regional geodynamic perturbations, extensional or transtensional tectonic activity intensified and triggered the large-scale collapses of the Dinaric Carbonate Platform margin producing the limestone breccias described herein. This may in turn have caused a backstepping of the platform margin, as is evident from the occurrence of Late Jurassic marginal reefs that are installed directly above the Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic inner platform successions

Setting EU Threshold Values for impulsive underwater sound

The purpose of the present document is to give guidance on the setting of EU threshold values related to anthropogenic impulsive noise in the water. Such guidance is meant to be used by regulators and managers of the EU Member States (MS) aiming to achieve Good Environmental Status of their marine waters, as requested by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). In this report, a clarification of the assessment framework is done based on concepts of habitat, effect ranges and habitat degradation. The guidance is based on the earlier work done by TG Noise in deliverable 1 (DL 1) providing a common methodology for the setting of EU threshold values for impulsive sound and on results from the Harmonize project. An introduction is further given on the Level of Onset of Biological adverse Effects (LOBE), the noise level above which an adverse biological effect on an indicator species is expected to occur. It should be underlined that this document as well as the recommended threshold values are only dealing with displacement as a result of anthropogenic impulsive noise. A dual threshold approach is proposed recognising both temporal and spatial variability of potential disturbance effects related to exposure to underwater impulsive noise, where short-term is defined as 1 day, long-term is defined as 1 year and long-run is defined as the time it takes before a negative effect on the population occurs, which often is longer than one year.JRC.D.2 - Ocean and Wate

Setting EU Threshold Values for continuous underwater sound

The purpose of the present document is to give guidance on the setting of EU threshold values related to anthropogenic continuous noise in water1. Such guidance is meant to be used by regulators and managers of the EU Member States (MS) aiming to achieve Good Environmental Status of their marine waters, as requested by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)2. This document is intended to inform managers and other stakeholders of practical options for setting threshold values for continuous sound. The rationale for setting regional conditions to evaluate the status of habitat is explained. Practical examples that illustrate regional approaches are demonstrated in detail. Finally, and most important to managers, options for setting threshold values for continuous sound are illustrated.JRC.D.2 - Ocean and Wate

Youth employment: labour market research through the lens of generation Z

Generacija Z predstavlja mlado in perspektivno delovno silo, ki bo v prihodnosti igrala ključno vlogo pri oblikovanju delovnih okolij in kulture. V magistrskem delu se bom ukvarjala s preučevanjem ene od najbolj aktualnih tem na sodobnem trgu dela. Cilj magistrskega dela bo raziskati perspektive in izzive, s katerimi se soočajo mladi, ki so pripadniki generacije Z, pri zaposlovanju ter analizirati subjektivne percepcije mladih in njihove izkušnje ter dobre prakse na trgu dela. Pri preučevanju teh vprašanj bom uporabila različne metode, vključno s pregledom literature (domače in tuje raziskave) ter lastno empirično raziskavo (intervjuji z iskalci zaposlitve generacije Z). Nalogo bom vodila skozi preučevane sociološke teoretske okvire in lastno raziskavo ter skušala odgovoriti na svoja zastavljena raziskovalna vprašanja. Raziskava bo temeljila na enajstih intervjujih z mladimi, preko katerih bom želela izvedeti, kako se delodajalci, glede na potrebe mladih, prilagajajo spremembam, novostim in potrebam nove generacije na trgu delovne sile. Ključno raziskovalno vprašanje, ki ga bom peljala skozi celotno magistrsko delo je: kateri so ključni izzivi vključevanja generacije Z na trg dela? V diskusiji bom medsebojno primerjala izpovedi in razmišljanja intervjuvanih oseb, izpostavila bom podobnosti in razlike v odnosu do predelane literature ter navedla svoja spoznanja. V zaključku bom povzela bistvene ugotovitve in opažanja ter odgovorila na zastavljena začetna raziskovalna vprašanja.Generation Z represents a young and promising workforce that will play a key role in shaping work environments and culture in the future. In my master thesis, I will explore one of the most topical issues in the contemporary labour market. The aim of the master thesis is to explore the perspectives and challenges that young people belonging to Generation Z face in employment and to analyse young people\u27s subjective perceptions and their experiences of good practices in the labour market. I will use a variety of methods to explore these issues, including a literature review (domestic and foreign research) and my own empirical research (interviews with Generation Z jobseekers). I will guide the thesis through the sociological theoretical frameworks under study and through my own research, and seek to answer my research questions. The research will be based on eleven interviews with young people, through which I will seek to find out how employers are adapting to the changes, innovations and needs of the new generation on the labour market, according to the needs of young people. The key research question that I will pursue throughout the Master\u27s thesis is: what are the key challenges of integrating Generation Z into the labour market? In the discussion, I will compare the statements and reflections of the interviewees with each other, highlight similarities and differences in relation to the processed literature and state my findings. In the conclusion, I will summarise the main findings and observations and answer the initial research questions

Tektonika in gravitacijski pojavi, drugi del

The article describes the recent conditions at the Paleogene thrust contact between the External Dinaric Thrust Belt composed of carbonate rocks and the External Dinaric Imbricate Belt composed of flysch rocks, geographically, between the Trnovski gozd (Trnovski gozd plateau) and the Vipava Valley at the northwestern end of the Dinarides. Fossil and recent gravity-related phenomena that indicate the uplift of the southwestern edge of the External Dinaric Thrust Belt and the larger complex in the hinterland are found there. However, these phenomena are not related to the reactivated Paleogene thrust tectonics, but to the Neogene-recent underthrusting as a consequence of the Microadria (Adriatic Microplate) movement towards the Dinarides. Only arguments for these processes are presented in this article.V članku so opisane recentne razmere na paleogenskem narivnem stiku med Zunanjedinarskim narivnim pasom iz karbonatnih kamnin in Zunanjedinarskim naluskanim pasom iz flišnih kamnin. Geografsko med Trnovskim gozdom (Trnovska planota) in Vipavsko dolino na severozahodnem koncu Dinaridov. Tu najdemo fosilne in recentne gravitacijske pojave, ki kažejo na dviganje jugozahodnega obrobja Zunanjedinarskega narivnega pasu in večjega kompleksa v zaledju, vendar to ni povezano z reaktivirano paleogensko narivno tektoniko, temveč z neogensko-recentnimi procesi podrivanja, ki so posledica pomikanja Mikroadrije (Jadranska mikroplošča) proti Dinaridom. V članku so predstavljene le posledice teh procesov