Measures to promote renewable energy for electricity generation in Algeria

Algeria has enormous renewable energy potential. However, fossil fuels remain the main electricity generation source, and the country is the third largest CO2 emitter in Africa. Algeria is also particularly vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, a set of actions related to energy, forests, industry and waste sectors have been programmed, over the period 2015–2030, and the government action program has given priority to promote renewable energy. In this sense, Algeria is committed to significantly promote investment in renewable energy, during the period 2020–2030. Thus by 2030, renewable electricity production capacity will achieve 22,000 MW, representing 27% of total electricity generation. This paper analyzes the electricity generation measures implemented in Algeria to reach the required energy mix, the legislative framework, financial aid, the feed-in tariff system, the tax incentives, and the tender and auctions undertaken. The analyses reveal that, although the electricity price premium policy has not been revoked, the newly enacted tender scheme is designed to become the standard procedure for launching renewable energy projects in Algeria in the coming years

The relationships between total, electricity and biofuels residential energy consumption and income in Latin America and the Caribbean Countries

Controlling residential energy consumption in Latino America and the Caribbean countries is crucial to reduce CO2 emissions, as it has an important energy-saving potential, and its environmental controls are difficult to displace offshore. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationships between residential energy consumption and income for 22 Latin America and the Caribbean countries in the period 1990-2013. For this purpose, residential energy environmental Kuznets curves (EKC) are estimated by taking into account the heterogeneity among the countries by including two control variables: one representing the possible effect of urbanization on residential energy use and the second representing the possible effect of petrol production. The EKC are estimated for total residential energy consumption, for residential electricity consumption and for biofuels and waste energy consumption. The elasticities of total, electricity and biofuels residential energy consumption with respect to income are calculated for each year and country, analyzing the different behavior between countries. Obtained results show that the EKC hypothesis is confirmed for the residential sector when the biofuels energy consumption is considered. Moreover, the results also show that the turning point has been reached in some countries. Nevertheless, the EKC is not confirmed when electricity or total residential energy consumption is considered. Thus, for total residential energy consumption, the elasticity is always positive, growing also as the income does. For electricity energy consumption, the elasticity is also always positive, since although the elasticity decreases until a threshold, from an per capita income value it begins to grow

Residential electricity consumption and economic growth in Algeria

Within the framework of the COP21 (Conference of the Parties) agreement, Algeria submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution pledging to reduce carbon emissions by at least 7% by 2030. However, it will be a difficult task to reach this target as total final energy consumption has increased 32% from 2010 to 2014, with the major energy increases being related to electricity use in the residential sector. In this context, the relationship between residential electricity consumption and income is analyzed for Algeria in the period 1970–2013, by estimating a residential electricity consumption per capita demand function which depends on GDP per capita, its squared and cubed terms, the electricity prices, and the goods and services imports. An extended Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) was adopted to consider the different growth patterns registered in the evolution of GDP. The estimate results show that the relationships between electricity use and GDP (in per capita terms) present an inverted N-shape, with the second turning point having been reached. Therefore, promoting growth in Algeria could be convenient to reduce the electricity consumption, as a higher income level may allow the use of more efficient appliances. Additionally, renewable energies may be adequate to increase the electricity production in order to cover the increasing residential demand.Junta de Andalucía proyecto SEJ-132Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España, Cátedra de Economía de la Energía y del Medio Ambiente (Cátedra de Energía y Economía Ambiental) ECO2014-56399-

Tourism and hospitality sector electricity use: evidences from 12 EU countries

At the Paris Conference of the Parties (COP21) in 2015, 195 countries agreed to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change. Along this line, the EU is committed to a 40% reduction in their domestic greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. This new target represents a significant progression beyond its existing 20% emission reduction commitment by 2020. Thus, greater efforts will be needed affecting all productive sectors in order to reduce CO2 emissions and energy consumption. In order to reach this ambitious target, new measures affecting all economic sectors would be needed. This paper focuses on the tourism sector. This aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between tourist overnight stays and the hospitality sector electricity consumption. These relationships are studied for 12 EU countries during the period 2005-2012, accordingly with the available data. With this aim, econometric panel data techniques are used in order to estimate an electricity consumption function for the hospitality sector which depends on tourism, income, price and climate variables. The Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is also tested. An Energy-tourism Kuznets Curve would show that increasing earnings from tourism will bring about reduced electricity consumption from a threshold point, which could be related to the fact that more earnings could imply undertaking more energy efficiency measures

Co2 emission and economic growth in Algeria

Algeria is one of the most important CO2 emitters among developing countries and the third among African countries. It pledged to curb carbon emissions by at least 7% by 2030. However, complying with this target may be a difficult task without compromising economic growth. The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth in Algeria, taking into account energy use, electricity consumption, exports and imports. The validity of the EKC hypothesis, throughout the period from 1970 to 2010, is tested by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model extended to introduce the break points. Results confirm the EKC for Algeria. Nevertheless, the turning point is reached for a very high GDP per capita value, indicating that economic growth in Algeria will continue to increase emissions. Results also indicate that an increase in energy use and electricity consumption increase CO2 emissions, and that exports and imports affect them negatively and positively, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to promote renewable energies and energy efficiency policies. Regulatory reforms are needed to facilitate foreign investments with which to carry out these policies. Likewise, it may be appropriate to decrease subsides in energy prices to encourage energy efficiency.Cátedra de economía de la energía y del medio ambiente (Universidad de Sevilla)Fundación Roger TornéMinisterio de economía y competitividad (España) ECO 2014-56399-R. Claves para Desacoplar Crecimiento y Emisiones de Co2 en Españ

Crecimiento económico y energía residencial en la EU-28.

Recientemente, los países participantes en la Conferencia Climática de París (COP21) acordaron establecer objetivos nacionales de reducción de emisiones revisables cada 5 años. Para el cumplimiento de este acuerdo, casi todos los países tienen que aumentar sus compromisos de reducción de emisiones, lo que afecta a casi todos los sectores económicos. El sector residencial puede considerarse clave para alcanzar estos objetivos, ya que a nivel mundial representa en torno al 25% del consumo de energía global y el 17% de emisiones de CO2. En este sentido, el análisis de la relación entre el crecimiento económico de los países y del consumo de energía residencial resulta especialmente interesante con el fin de poder determinar políticas de ahorro energético en este sector. A pesar de ello, los estudios que relacionan el crecimiento económico y el consumo energético residencial son muy escasos, en contraposición a los estudios que analizan la relación entre crecimiento económico y consumo energético global o emisiones de CO2, fundamentalmente por medio del análisis de la curva medioambiental de Kuznets (EKC). El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la relación entre crecimiento económico y consumo de energía residencial en los países de la UE-28 en el periodo 1990-2013. Para ello se estima una función energética de EKC mediante datos de panel y se estudian las elasticidades de la energía consumida respecto a la renta per cápita. Dada la heterogeneidad entre los países analizados, resulta conveniente utilizar un modelo multinivel con efectos aleatorios para estimar la EKC, lo que permite estimar coeficientes diferentes para cada país, reflejando así las características propias de cada uno. Los resultados confirman la existencia de la EKC en este sector, si bien claras diferencias se observan entre los países considerados, no llegando a alcanzar el punto inflexión de la EKC los países de reciente incorporación

Tourism and economic growth: a meta-analysis of panel data studies

Although for decades it has been acknowledged that tourism likely contributes to economic growth, theoretical models that consider a causal relationship between both are a recent phenomenon. From a sample of 11 studies based on panel data techniques published through to 2011, and for a total of 87 heterogeneous estimations, a metaanalysis is performed by applying models for both fixed and random effects, with the main objective being to calculate a summary measure of the effects of tourism on economic growth. While the results obtained point to a positive elasticity between economic growth and tourism, the magnitude of the effect was found to vary according to the methodological procedure employed in the original studies for empirical estimations

Relaciones de complementariedad entre capital humano y capital fisico: Aplicación a las provincias españolas 1985- 2004

La literatura empírica reciente muestra que el capital humano afecta positivamente al crecimiento económico. Sin embargo, el debate continúa sobre cual es la magnitud de dicho efecto en diferentes territorios, y cuales son las causas de sus divergencias. En este trabajo, se muestra, a través del uso de técnicas de datos de panel y dummies de carácter multiplicativo, que los niveles relativos de capital físico por unidad de capital humano afectan a la efectividad del capital humano sobre el crecimiento de la productividad, poniendo de manifiesto la existencia de relaciones de complementariedad entre el capital físico de carácter productivo y el capital humano

Analysis of the influence of the education and the experience in the human productive capital used in Andalusia in the decade of the nineties

En este trabajo se compara el valor del capital humano productivo per cápita, medido en términos de trabajadores equivalentes, que está empleado en las provincias andaluzas respecto al que lo está en España, en el periodo de 1990 a 2000. La desagregación de ese capital humano en sus componentes (empleo, educación y experiencia) muestra que la diferencia entre el valor promedio nacional y el del conjunto de las provincias andaluzas se explica principalmente por el nivel de educación y de empleo, mientras que la experiencia (principal componente del capital humano productivo empleado a lo largo de toda la década) es escasamente explicativa.This paper contains an comparative analysis of the andalusians provinces productive human capital employed, measured as Gross Value Added per full-time equivalent worker, from 1990 to 2000. Human capital components analysis (employment, education and experience) shows that’s the mainly difference between national and Andalusian human capital employed is explained by education and employment level. Besides, employment experience level (gross component of human capital) isn´t too significant

Human Capital Effect On Productivity: Andalusia And The Rest Of Spain

La literatura empírica reciente muestra que el capital humano afecta positivamente al crecimiento de la productividad. Sin embargo, el debate continúa sobre la magnitud de esos efectos en diferentes territorios. En este trabajo se evalúa la contribución del capital humano a la productividad andaluza, en relación al resto de España, que depende tanto de las distintas dotaciones de factor como de las diferentes elasticidades de éste respecto al VAB. Estas diferentes elasticidades pueden servir de guía para orientar la política económica llevada a cabo en Andalucía. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la conveniencia de fomentar la dotación de capital privado.Recent empirical literature shows that human capital positively affects economic growth. However, the debate continues on the magnitude of these effects on the productivity of different territories. In this work, we show human capital effects on Andalusia productivity, related to the rest of Spain. Differences observed depend on their different endowments and also of this factor’s different elasticity. These different elasticities may serve as guideline for economic policy carried out in Andalusia. The results highlight the desirability of promoting the private equity allocation