ABA Accreditation of Law Schools: An Antitrust Analysis

The accreditation activities of the American Bar Association are under attack. From within legal academia, professors and deans complain that the ABA accreditation process is overly formalistic and intrusive. In addition, the Massachusetts School of Law has sued the ABA, alleging that the ABA\u27s accreditation standards violate the Sherman Act. From outside legal academia, the Department of Justice has investigated the ABA\u27s accreditation activities and initiated an antitrust suit against the ABA. The Department of Justice and the ABA immediately settled this suit, and, as a result of this settlement, the ABA has agreed not to enforce certain standards and to review other standards. In this Note, the author analyzes the applicability of the Sherman Act to the accreditation of law schools and concludes that law school accreditation is within the scope of the Act. The author further reviews the antitrust implications of the individual accreditation standards and suggests changes to questionable standards. The author argues that the ABA should establish a strong link between each standard and a legitimate educational goal in order to avoid any antitrust problems

A NOVEL METHOD OF PERFORMING MOOSE BROWSE SURVEYS

We measured browse availability and use along foraging paths of GPS radio-collared moose (Alces alces) in northeastern Minnesota to estimate diet composition and browse species preference. On foraging paths during summer and winter we counted twigs via traditional methods for comparison with a novel method that attempted to better simulate moose foraging behavior. Twigs were collected and used to develop diameter at point of browsing – biomass regressions for each browse species. These regressions, different under open and closed canopy, were used to estimate biomass consumption on foraging paths and to compare 4 approaches. The average diets were similar to previously measured regional diets, and importantly, our data identified variance among individual seasonal diets. Our field method allowed us to better quantify and compare diet composition and browse selection of individual free-ranging moose directly on foraging paths

Alcohol consumption and sport: a cross-sectional study of alcohol management practices associated with at-risk alcohol consumption at community football clubs

BackgroundExcessive alcohol consumption is responsible for considerable harm from chronic disease and injury. Within most developed countries, members of sporting clubs participate in at-risk alcohol consumption at levels above that of communities generally. There has been limited research investigating the predictors of at-risk alcohol consumption in sporting settings, particularly at the non-elite level. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the alcohol management practices and characteristics of community football clubs and at-risk alcohol consumption by club members.MethodsA cross sectional survey of community football club management representatives and members was conducted. Logistic regression analysis (adjusting for clustering by club) was used to determine the association between the alcohol management practices (including alcohol management policy, alcohol-related sponsorship, availability of low- and non-alcoholic drinks, and alcohol-related promotions, awards and prizes) and characteristics (football code, size and location) of sporting clubs and at-risk alcohol consumption by club members.ResultsMembers of clubs that served alcohol to intoxicated people [OR: 2.23 (95% CI: 1.26-3.93)], conducted &lsquo;happy hour&rsquo; promotions [OR: 2.84 (95% CI: 1.84-4.38)] or provided alcohol-only awards and prizes [OR: 1.80 (95% CI: 1.16-2.80)] were at significantly greater odds of consuming alcohol at risky levels than members of clubs that did not have such alcohol management practices. At-risk alcohol consumption was also more likely among members of clubs with less than 150 players compared with larger clubs [OR:1.45 (95% CI: 1.02-2.05)] and amongst members of particular football codes.ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest a need and opportunity for the implementation of alcohol harm reduction strategies targeting specific alcohol management practices at community football clubs.<br /

Cosmopolitan Risk Community in a Bowl: A Case Study of China’s Good Food Movement

Ulrich Beck fundamentally transformed our way of thinking about human interdependence through his three core theses on risk, individualisation and cosmopolitanisation. However, two commonly observed deficiencies in Beck’s grand theory were its Eurocentric orientation and a lack of empirical grounding. Based on 5 focus groups and 14 interviews with participants of the emerging Clean Food Movement in China, this paper extends the Beckian discussion outside Europe. Through examining how individuals understand both ‘traditional’ and ‘new’ risks associated with contemporary food consumption, this paper demonstrates that in the face of unpredictable and incalculable harms, risks are not seen as a ‘thing’, but are translated into ‘causal relations’. Subsequently, for Chinese stakeholders, the best way to safeguard food risks is to enact more visible and functioning interdependent relations in the food system. This in turn has given rise to new forms of communities which cut across conventional geographic, socio-economic and political boundaries. The paper deepens a Beckian theorisation in two ways. First, it demonstrates that the ‘enabling’ effect of risk towards a cosmopolitan society is not limited to obvious global crises, such as climate catastrophes and financial meltdown. In fact, the mundane yet intimate concern of putting ‘good’ food in one’s dinner bowl already presses actors to form new social solidarities that are cosmopolitan in nature. Second, it goes beyond Beck’s assertion that the risk society has culminated in a cosmopolitan moment, and explores how a performative cosmopolitan community reshapes the ‘relations of definition’ to mitigate risks on the ground

The Evolution of Abortion Law in Nineteenth Century America, with Special Reference to Michigan

vi, 124 p.My goal for this project is to attempt to sort out the conflicting portrayals of abortion law history. Particularly, I intend to examine the first revolution in abortion law which occurred primarily in the 1870's. Hopefully, this paper will shed light on how and why this first revolution occurred.If you are not a current K College student, faculty, or staff member, email [email protected] to request access to this SIP.Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Western Traditions and Early America -- Abortion and the Abortion Industry in Nineteenth Century America -- The Organization of the Medical Community and the Legal Backlash -- Conclusion -- Appendix A -- Note

ABA Accreditation of Law Schools: An Antitrust Analysis

The accreditation activities of the American Bar Association are under attack. From within legal academia, professors and deans complain that the ABA accreditation process is overly formalistic and intrusive. In addition, the Massachusetts School of Law has sued the ABA, alleging that the ABA\u27s accreditation standards violate the Sherman Act. From outside legal academia, the Department of Justice has investigated the ABA\u27s accreditation activities and initiated an antitrust suit against the ABA. The Department of Justice and the ABA immediately settled this suit, and, as a result of this settlement, the ABA has agreed not to enforce certain standards and to review other standards. In this Note, the author analyzes the applicability of the Sherman Act to the accreditation of law schools and concludes that law school accreditation is within the scope of the Act. The author further reviews the antitrust implications of the individual accreditation standards and suggests changes to questionable standards. The author argues that the ABA should establish a strong link between each standard and a legitimate educational goal in order to avoid any antitrust problems

The contributions of community seed saving to health and wellbeing: A qualitative study in Thunder Bay, Canada

This paper positions community seed saving (CSS) as collective knowledge and practices used to cultivate, collect, conserve, exchange, and advocate for regionally adapted seeds as a foundation of healthy and sustainable food systems. Qualitative research involved twelve interviews with community seed savers in Thunder Bay, Canada. We explored the relationships to participants’ health and wellbeing through themes of physical health, mental, emotional, and spiritual health, and relationships and reciprocity. The findings illustrate that CSS can directly benefit individuals and influence social and ecological determinants of health. We argue that public health should consider CSS a health promotion intervention and an important future direction for research

A Scoping Review Examining Governance, Co-Creation, and Social and Ecological Justice in Living Labs Literature

Living Labs (LLs) are increasingly being used as an approach to address complex sustainability-related challenges. Inspired by existing knowledge and practice gaps, calls for further examination of governance and co-creation in relation to LLs work, and our experiences in the Lake Superior Living Labs Network, we conducted a scoping review of the recent (2015–2019) LLs literature. This review focused on peer-reviewed LLs literature aimed at addressing sustainability-related challenges and involving universities as key collaborators specifically. This scoping review addressed the research questions: how are LLs conceptualized, described, and applied? how are LLs governed? How is co-creation supported in LLs work? and, are social and/or environmental justice considered in LLs work? From the 729 citations gathered in the electronic database searches, 48 papers were identified as relevant through the screening and eligibility assessment. We found that this literature is growing rapidly, highly interdisciplinary, and predominantly taking place within European urban centres. We summarize the findings in relation to our research questions and outline implications for interrogating governance, unpacking co-creation, and working towards social and ecological justice in LLs research and practice. We conclude by outlining four key research directions to advance LLs work, including, (1) expanding research across a greater diversity of settings; (2) examining and analyzing governance and power dynamics; (3) exploring how learning evolves via co-creation; and (4) examining how universities are impeding and/or supporting advances in relation to governance, co-creation, and justice in LLs work.</jats:p

A Scoping Review Examining Governance, Co-Creation, and Social and Ecological Justice in Living Labs Literature

Living Labs (LLs) are increasingly being used as an approach to address complex sustainability-related challenges. Inspired by existing knowledge and practice gaps, calls for further examination of governance and co-creation in relation to LLs work, and our experiences in the Lake Superior Living Labs Network, we conducted a scoping review of the recent (2015&ndash;2019) LLs literature. This review focused on peer-reviewed LLs literature aimed at addressing sustainability-related challenges and involving universities as key collaborators specifically. This scoping review addressed the research questions: how are LLs conceptualized, described, and applied? how are LLs governed? How is co-creation supported in LLs work? and, are social and/or environmental justice considered in LLs work? From the 729 citations gathered in the electronic database searches, 48 papers were identified as relevant through the screening and eligibility assessment. We found that this literature is growing rapidly, highly interdisciplinary, and predominantly taking place within European urban centres. We summarize the findings in relation to our research questions and outline implications for interrogating governance, unpacking co-creation, and working towards social and ecological justice in LLs research and practice. We conclude by outlining four key research directions to advance LLs work, including, (1) expanding research across a greater diversity of settings; (2) examining and analyzing governance and power dynamics; (3) exploring how learning evolves via co-creation; and (4) examining how universities are impeding and/or supporting advances in relation to governance, co-creation, and justice in LLs work