Determining the Reaction Rate of Electrochemical Process for Purification of Polluted Water

Abstract Aims: Turbidity in higher than standard levels, indicates failure in the water treatment plant. An electrochemical disinfection process takes place through electricity transition between two or more electrodes. This research aimed to determine the reaction rate of electrochemical process for purification of polluted water. Materials & Methods: This is a bench scale, experimental study performed in a batch system on synthetic wastewater. 1700ml of prepared synthetic wastewater was put in an electrolytic cell and constant 600mA current was flowed into the cell content through merged aluminum electrodes for 1 hour. Samples were taken from the batch in the beginning and every 10 minutes and were analyzed for, turbidity, Coliform bacteria (probably, confirmed and E. coli) and Heterotrophic Plat Count. Fisher exact test was used to analyze data. Findings: All the parameters of turbidity, HPC, total coliform, confirmed coliform and E. coli were decreased during the time. The electrochemical process reduced the average of turbidity below 3NTU after 50 minutes (91.05 removal). The HPC number reduced from 130n/ml to 2.4n/ml (98.15 removal) after 50 minutes. No coliforms were seen after 40 minutes of the electrochemical process. Conclusion: 40 minutes of electrochemical process in 600mA by aluminum electrodes is the optimum condition for removing the turbidity, Coliform bacteria (total, confirmed and E. coli) and HPC from polluted water

Lip reading using deep learning in Turkish language

Computer vision is one of the most important areas of artificial intelligence and lip reading is one of the most important areas of computer vision. Lip-reading, which is more important in noisy environments or where there is no sound flow, is one of the working areas that can help the hearing-impaired people. There is no dataset in Turkish for lip reading, which there are different datasets at alphabet, word, and sentence level in different languages. The dataset of this study was created by the author and video data were collected from 72 people for 71 words. Audio streams were removed from the collected videos and a dataset was created using only images. Due to the small size of the dataset, the data was replicated with the Camtasia application. After the model of the research was designed and trained, the model was tested on adjectives, nouns, and verbs dataset and success rates of 71.8%, 71.88%, and 79.69% were obtained, respectively

A new weighted distribution based on the mixture of asymmetric Laplace family with application in survival analysis

The generalization of asymmetric Laplace (AL) distribution has recently received considerable attention in dealing with skewed and long-tailed data. In this article, we introduce a new family of distributions based on the location mixture of asymmetric Laplace (LM-AL) distribution. Some properties of this family, such as expressions for mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis coefficients and characteristic function, are derived. We show that this family of distributions is quite flexible because it has wider ranges of skewness and kurtosis than the other skew distributions introduced in the literature. We also introduce a family of weighted distributions based on the survival function of the exponential distribution and will show that truncated LM-AL distribution in zero which can be used in survival analysis, belongs to this family. In order to compute the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of the parameters in the location mixture of AL distribution, an EM-type algorithm is developed and the estimation of parameters of model in survival analysis performed using a maximization algorithm, due to the problem complexity. Finally, the performance and applicability of the truncated LM-AL model in survival analysis is illustrated through analyzing a simulation study and two real data set. This family of distributions represent a suitable alternative to existing models such as Weibull, log-normal, log-logistic, gamma and Lindley distributions

Parameter estimation of PV solar cells and modules using Whippy Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm

The significant global trend towards solar energy has led to the development of studies on the fabrication of high-performance solar cells. Accurate modeling and parameter identification of solar cells is of paramount importance. So far, several models have been proposed for the solar cell, including single-diode model (SDM), double-diode model (DDM), and three-diode model (TDM). Each model has a number of unknown parameters and several methods have been presented in the literature to find their optimal values. In this paper, an efficient optimization algorithm, namely Whippy Harris Hawks Optimization (WHHO), is proposed to estimate the model parameters of solar systems. The proposed WHHO is an enhanced version of the HHO algorithm and has the advantages of high convergence speed, global search capability, and high robustness over the original method. To evaluate the efficiency of the proposed WHHO algorithm, it is utilized to identify the parameters of various models of solar cells, and photovoltaic (PV) module. The results are compared with those obtained from a number of other recently presented optimization methods, which shows the superiority of the proposed algorithm. Furthermore, the effectiveness of WHHO algorithm in the practical application has been assessed for the parameter estimation of three commonly-used commercial modules under different irradiance and temperature conditions, which yield variations in the parameters of the PV model. The results obtained from various experimental setups confirm the high performance and robustness of the proposed algorithm

Flipped C-Terminal Ends of apoA1 Promote ABCA1-Dependent Cholesterol Efflux by Small HDLs

Background: Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) predicts cardiovascular disease independently of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Isolated small HDL particles are potent promoters of macrophage CEC by the ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) pathway, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Methods: We used model system studies of reconstituted HDL and plasma from control and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)-deficient subjects to investigate the relationships among the sizes of HDL particles, the structure of apoA1 (apolipoprotein A1) in the different particles, and the CECs of plasma and isolated HDLs. Results: We quantified macrophage and ABCA1 CEC of 4 distinct sizes of reconstituted HDL. CEC increased as particle size decreased. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis of chemically cross-linked peptides and molecular dynamics simulations of apoA1, the major protein of HDL, indicated that the mobility of C-terminus of that protein was markedly higher and flipped off the surface in the smallest particles. To explore the physiological relevance of the model system studies, we isolated HDL from LCAT-deficient subjects, the small HDLs (eg, reconstituted HDLs) of which are discoidal and composed of apoA1, cholesterol, and phospholipid. Despite their very low plasma levels of HDL particles, these subjects had normal CEC. In both the LCAT-deficient subjects and control subjects, the CEC of isolated extra-small HDL (a mixture of extra-small and small HDL by calibrated ion mobility analysis) was 3- to 5-fold greater than that of the larger sizes of isolated HDL. Incubating LCAT-deficient plasma and control plasma with human LCAT converted extra-small and small HDL particles into larger particles, and it markedly inhibited CEC. Conclusions: We present a mechanism for the enhanced CEC of small HDLs. In smaller particles, the C-termini of the 2 antiparallel molecules of apoA1 are "flipped" off the lipid surface of HDL. This extended conformation allows them to engage with ABCA1. In contrast, the C-termini of larger HDLs are unable to interact productively with ABCA1 because they form a helical bundle that strongly adheres to the lipid on the particle. Enhanced CEC, as seen with the smaller particles, predicts decreased cardiovascular disease risk. Thus, extra-small and small HDLs may be key mediators and indicators of the cardioprotective effects of HDL