Problemas teóricos y prácticos del crecimiento económico

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When does economic development promote mitigation and why?

Is economic development compatible with mitigation? On the one hand, development should promote effective climate policy by enhancing states’ capacities for mitigation. On the other hand, economic growth creates more demand for production, thereby inhibiting emissions reduction. These arguments are often reconciled in the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) thesis. According to this approach, development initially increases emissions in poor economies, but begins to lower emissions after a country has attained a certain level of development. The aim of this article is to determine empirically whether the EKC hypothesis seems plausible in light of emissions trends over the birth and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. Drawing on data from the World Bank World Development Indicators and World Resources Institute Climate Data Explorer, it conducts a large-N investigation of the emissions behaviour of 120 countries from 1990 to 2012. While several quantitative studies have found that economic factors influence emissions activity, this article goes beyond existing research by employing a more sophisticated – multilevel – research design to determine whether economic development: (a) continues to be a significant driver once country-level clustering is accounted for and (b) has different effects on different countries. The results of this article indicate that, even after we account for country-level clustering and hold constant the other main putative drivers of emissions activity, economic development tends to inhibit emissions reduction. They also provide strong evidence that emissions trends resemble the EKC, with development significantly constraining emissions reduction in the South and promoting it in the North

Fear for manufacturing? China and the future of industry in Brazil and Latin America

There has been considerable concern in Latin America over the implications of increased competition from China for local industry. These concerns include the possibility of "deindustrialization," the increased "primarization" of the region's exports and the difficulties of upgrading manufactured exports into higher technology products. This article examines the impact of Chinese competition both in the domestic market and in export markets on Brazilian industry. It documents the increased penetration of Chinese manufactures in the Brazilian market and the way in which Brazilian exports have lost market share to China in the US, European Union and four Latin American countries. Brazil, because of its more developed and locally integrated industrial sector, is not typical of other Latin American countries and the article also discusses the relevance of the Brazilian experience for the region as a whole

A historical turning point for the Latin American periphery

Includes bibliographyPresenta su interpretacion de la critica situacion economica por la que atraviesan la mayoria de los paises de America Latina, y los lineamientos de las medidas que deberian tomarse para enfrentarla. Reconoce la existencia de serios problemas coyunturales que requieren la aplicacion de una politica coyuntural efectiva, cuyas medidas principales esboza y que concibe como el punto de partida de una politica estructural de desarrollo

Monetarism, open-economy policies and the ideological crisis

Includes bibliographyExamina como el instrumento monetario en la apropiacion del excedente desempena tambien una funcion decisiva en la defensa de ese excedente; critica el sentido con que se ha aplicado el instrumento monetario en las recientes experiencias monetaristas en America Latina y alerta acerca de su eficacia y consecuencias; y analiza el aperturismo comercial y financiero y el sentido y efectos que el mismo ha tenido en America Latina a la luz de las relaciones entre centros y periferia y de los intereses que en ellas predominan

Lewis revisited : tropical polities competing on the world market 1830-1938

Since the seminal work by W.A. Lewis, exports of primary products have been deemed the main or sole source of growth in tropical countries before the Great Depression. This conventional wisdom, however, relies on very limited evidence. This paper analyses the growth of exports with a constant market share analysis for 84 tropical polities. Exports grew a lot, but less than total trade, while relative prices of tropical products remained roughly constant. We thus tentatively infer that the decline in the tropical shares on world trade reflects an insufficient demand for tropical products. Asia mastered well these headwinds throughout the whole period, while African polities blossomed after World War One. The loser was (South) America, and most notably the Caribbean former slave colonies especially before 1870

A Consumption-Based Approach to Carbon Emission Accounting – Sectoral Differences and Environmental Benefits

In recent years there has been growing concern about the emission trade balances of countries. This is due to the fact that countries with an open economy are active players in international trade. Trade is not only a major factor in forging a country’s economic structure, but contributes to the movement of embodied emissions beyond country borders. This issue is especially relevant from the carbon accounting policy and domestic production perspective, as it is known that the production-based principle is employed in the Kyoto agreement. The research described herein was designed to reveal the interdependence of countries on international trade and the corresponding embodied emissions both on national and on sectoral level and to illustrate the significance of the consumption-based emission accounting. It is presented here to what extent a consumption-based accounting would change the present system based on production-based accounting and allocation. The relationship of CO2 emission embodied in exports and embodied in imports is analysed here. International trade can blur the responsibility for the ecological effects of production and consumption and it can lengthen the link between consumption and its consequences. Input-output models are used in the methodology as they provide an appropriate framework for climate change accounting. The analysis comprises an international comparative study of four European countries (Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Hungary) with extended trading activities and carbon emissions. Moving from a production-based approach in climate policy to a consumption-based principle and allocation approach would help to increase the efficiency of emission reductions and would force countries to rethink their trading activities in order to decrease the environmental load of production activities. The results of this study show that it is important to distinguish between the two emission accounting approaches, both on the global and the local level

Tres fases del crecimiento económico argentino

Nuevos enfoques en la historia económica de España y de América Latina. Homenaje a Robert W. Fogel y Douglas C. North, Premios Nobel de Economía 1993Editada en la Universidad Carlos IIIEl empeoramiento de los resultados económicos relativos de Argentina puede atribuirse, en gran parte, a las desfavorables condiciones existentes para la acumulación de capital a partir de 1913. En la primera fase (antes de 1913) el éxito de la Belle Époque se debió a las espectaculares tasas de acumulación. En la segunda fase (1913-década de 1930) la baja tasa nacional de ahorro limitó la tasa de acumulación de capital. En la tercera fase (década de 1930-década de 1950) se adoptó una política de sustitución de las importaciones y el precio relativo de los bienes de capital importados que eran clave experimentó una brusca subida. Ahí comenzó el retraso: al principio, debido a que el ahorro era insuficiente ahorro y, más tarde, a que los altos precios de los bienes de capital importados redujeron los incentivos para realizar actividades de inversión que son las precursoras del crecimiento.Much of Argentina's decline in relative economic performance can be attributed to deleterious conditions for capital accumulation after 1913. In the first phase (pre-1913), the success of the Belle Époque was due to spectacular rates of accumulation. In the second phase (1913-1930s), low domestic savings rates constrained the rate of capital accumulation. In the third phase (1930s-1950s) import-substitution policies were implemented and the relative price of key imported capital goods rose sharply. Retardation ensued: at first because of insufficient saving; later because price disincentives channelled funds away from investment activities which are the precursor of growth.Publicad