Scientia intuitiva in the Ethics

**For my more recent views of the third kind of cognition, see my "Finding Oneself in God"** Abstract: Cognition of the third kind, or scientia intuitiva, is supposed to secure beatitudo, or virtue itself (E5p42). But what is scientia intuitiva, and how is it different from (and superior to) reason? I suggest a new answer to this old and vexing question at the core of Spinoza’s project in the Ethics. On my view, Spinoza’s scientia intuitiva resembles Descartes’s scientia more than has been appreciated. Although Spinoza’s God is not Descartes’s benevolent, transcendent God, Spinoza agrees with Descartes that the highest certainty requires that a cognizer correctly conceive of God and her causal relation to God; it is only with cognition of the third kind that a cognizer can be certain that her adequate (that is, clear and distinct) representations of extramental things agree with formally real, extramental ideata, and so are true. If this is right, a reading of Spinoza that has dominated scholarship since the Ethics’ publication is misguided: for Spinoza, it is not always the case that having (and recognizing that one has) a clear and distinct idea is sufficient for knowing that that idea is true. I end the chapter by suggesting why scientia is intuitive for Spinoza: Spinoza attempts to avoid Cartesian-Circle-style circularity by insisting that a cognizer must intuit the correct representation of God and God’s relation to things

Crafting better team climate: the benefits of using creative methods during team initiation

This study employs a mixed methods approach to investigate the effect of creative methods, the combinative use of model building and storytelling, during team initiation on team climate, a critical people-related factor in the management of collective innovation work. Qualitative analysis provides empirical evidence that creative methods benefit team initiation by raising participative confidence, engagement with the social environment as well as the team activities, friendly competition among team members, and by reducing fear of failure and habitual thinking. We also find support that the use of creative methods initiates and supports the development of positive team climate over the span of a team’s life. A quantitative comparison with two control groups using the 14-item team climate inventory (TCI) 13 weeks after the team initiation indicates that the test group has significantly higher values in all dimensions of the TCI than the two control groups. Overall, this examination informs the work of innovation managers and scholars with vital insights about the effectiveness of using creative methods during team initiation

Microstructures and Dielectric Properties Of pb (Al,Vl-,)Ohs Systems

The microstructures and electrical properties of Pb(AlxV1-x)03*cse ramic have been investigated. The samples were prepared using solid-state technique and were sintered at 800 OC, 850 OC and 900 OC. Surface morphology studies show that small grains with submicron size - 0.25 pm coexist with the bigger grains in micron size. As the sintering temperature increased, the grains size increase and thus become more compact. From )(RD analysis, the sample structure obtained is an orthorhombic system with space group PMMA and unit cell volume is 469.595 A3. The dielectric constant, e' for sample PAV 71800, PAV 71850 and PAV 71900 increased as the sintering temperature increased where the values of E' for sample sintered at 900 O C is - 6000 at 10'~H z and - 90 at 1 kHz. However, the loss factor, E" for sample sintered at 900 O C is higher than that of other samples. The loss tangent, E"/E' for sample PAV 71800, PAV 71850 and PAV 71900 at 1 kHz are 0.1, 0.12 and 0.16 respectively. The PAV 0.9 shows the highest E' -4000 at Hz but the E" for this sample is also high. This is followed by sample PAV 0.7 and PAV 0.3. Between frequencies higher than 1 kHz, the magnitudes of the E' data dispersion (- 80) are similar for samples PAV 0.3, PAV 0.7 and PAV 0.9. At 1 0-2 Hz to 1 kHz, the dispersion of E' is strongly dependent on frequency. However, the E' dispersion is independent with frequency at 1 kHz to lo5 Hz. The mechanisms that are observed from all samples are quasi dc, dipolar and barrier layer. A peak observed at lo2 Hz is due to the ionic relaxation processes. The activation energy that is obtained from sample PAV 71800 is 0.416. It indicates that the electrons hopping are weak. An equivalent circuit model has been proposed to represent the mechanism observed. The conductivity, ,o is increased from 3.0x10-~to 8.0x10-~r nholm for sample PAV 71800 and PAV 71900 respectively. For other samples with different Al composition, o, increased from 1.0x10-~ to 1.0x10-~ mholm for sample PAV 0.3 and PAV 0.9 respectively. The o, curve exhibits two distinct regions where the low frequency region is weakly dependent on frequency due to free charge carriers while the high frequency region is strongly dependent with frequency due to bound charge carriers in this sample. The IS, is increased from to lo4 mholm for 50 O C and 290 "C respectively. The activation energy of sample PAV 71800 and PAV 0.1 is -0.65 eV and may be due to the ac conduction in terms of hopping transport of charge carrier in a narrow band of localization states as the Fermi level. In complex impedance plots, only one semicircle is observed at low frequency and does not started fiom the origin due to the high frequency resistance effect. For sample PAV 71800, the resistance obtained from the plot is 8 . 9 9 ~ 1 0oh~m /m and the value of the capacitance is 1.5x10-'~F . The capacitance value obtained is in the range of bulk ferroelectric mechanism. In direct current measurement, the curve obtained obeyed the Ohm's law and the activation energy increased from 0.85 eV to 1.15 eV was the sintering temperature increases from 800 O C to 900 O C and 0.71 eV to 1.62 eV when A1 compositions increase from PAV 0.1 to PAV 0.9

Judicial Power and Mobilizable History

One contribution that law professors can make to constitutional discourse, I suggest, is the nurturing of new mobilizable histories. A mobilizable history, as I will use the term, is a narrative, image, or other historical source that is sufficiently well-known to the community of constitutional decisionmakers so as to be able to support a credible argument in the discourse of constitutional law. It draws upon materials that are within the collective memory of constitutional interpreters; indeed, a necessary step in nurturing a new mobilizable history is to introduce new information into that collective memory or to raise the prominence of narratives and images that are already included in that memory but marginally so

Evaluation on the Implementation of Procedure in Giving Kur-micro (Kredit USAha Rakyat-mikro) Based on the Prudential Banking Principle (Study at Bank Rakyat Indonesia Malang Kawi)

The objectives of this research are to understanding the procedure in giving KUR-Micro (Kredit Usaha Rakyat-Mikro) that applied in PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero),Tbk Malang Kawi and to evaluate the procedure in giving KUR-Micro (Kredit Usaha Rakyat-Mikro)that applied in PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero), Tbk Malang Kawi based on prudential banking principle. Type of this research is qualitative research with descriptive approach. Focus in this research are procedure in giving KUR-Micro (Kredit Usaha Rakyat-mikro) and evaluate on the procedures in giving KUR-Micro that applied in PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero), Tbk Malang Kawi. The results of this research shows, there are some procedures that applied by PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero)Tbk Malang Kawi in giving KUR-Micro (Kredit Usaha Rakyat-Mikro) consist of request of credit, credit analysis, approval of credit, credit agreement, credit disbursement, credit monitoring, and credit repayment. The procedures above have applied well although there are still have the weakness it can be seen in procedure of credit monitoring. PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero), Tbk Malang Kawi also has applied well the prudential banking principle in giving credit to debtor

EKSISTENSI HUKUM POSITIF DALAM OPTIMALISASI UPAYA DIVERSI TERHADAP PERKARA ANAK YANG BERKONFLIK DENGAN HUKUM

The purposes of this research are to know the existence of positive law as a basis for diversion implementation, concerning children in conflict with law issue’s case, and also to know the optimilization of diversion effort in every part of inspection. The research method that used in this research was normative research method, which is focus with the regulations in accordance to examine consistence and synchronization of regulation implementation with the reality. Diversion is a resolution for the children’s case, from the criminal court process until outside of the criminal court. In the children criminal court, diversion is important thing because by the existence of children diversion, it is expected to avoid from the negative stigma in criminal court system. Existence of positive law in which arrange about diversion implementation concerning children in conflict with law issue, has not adequate in principle to become a basis for diversion implementation. This is caused by no regulations governing the procedures for deliberation diversion and facilitators at every part of juridiction. In the trial stage in court, it should complement the rules those currently exist, with the rules regarding facilitator. Efforts optimization that can be implemented in every part of inspection are complete the existing legal regulations, the development of human resources of law enforcement officials, in every part of juridiction and repair of existing facilities and infrastructure

APLIKASI PANDUAN TERAPI ANTIBIOTIK PADA MANUSIA

Infeksi merupakan suatu keadaan dimana kuman memasuki tubuh sehingga menimbulkan gejala demam atau panas tubuh yang menandakan reaksi tubuh menolak kuman tersebut agar dapat dilumpuhkan atau dimatikan. Masalah yang terjadi adalah bagaimana mendapatkan panduan untuk mendapatkan informasi antibiotik yang digunakan oleh doker secara efektif untuk membantu pasien yang memiliki sakit tertentu, oleh kerena itu dibutuhkan suatu sistem yang mempermudah mendapatkan informasi seputar antibiotik yang dapat digunakan oleh dokter. Pada Tugas Akhir ini dibahas tentang pembuatan aplikasi untuk terapi antibiotik pada manusia. Hasil dari pembuatan aplikasi ini adalah sistem dapat memantau antibiotik yang ada seperti menyimpan data antibiotik, melihat data antibiotik, mengubah data antibiotik dan menghapus data antibiotik dengan tambahan metode pengembangan perangkat lunak Waterfall menjadi dasar pembuatan aplikasi Tugas Akhir ini yaitu dari analisis kebutuhan, desain sistem, penulisan kode program, pengujian program dan penerapan program, kemudian dari pembuatan aplikasi ini juga didapat hasil keluaran secara keseluruhan yang dapat ditermia, yaitu berupa suatu informasi untuk mempermudah pencarian data antibiotik yang dibutuhkan pasien dan mendapatkan informasi lengkap mengenai antibiotik yang dipilih sehingga efektif untuk pasien yang memiliki sakit tertentu serta dapat mengetahui jumlah stok antibiotik yang tersedia

“REBELL/IN/EN (NICHT NUR) DES WORTES“ – MIGRATION SUPPORTED LITERARY TAKE OFFS TO POSTNATIONAL OUTLINES OF AUSTRIA. FROM HADZIBEGANOVIC TO INSAYIF AND MAANI

Als Anhang zu ihrer Preisrede im Zuge der ersten Verleihung des österreichischen Literatur( förder)preises Schreiben zwischen den Kulturen (1997) hat die aus Brčko geborene Alma Hadzibeganovic, ein eigenwilliges, ihr Schreibverständnis erläuterndes Alphabet vorgelegt. Unter dem Buchstaben ‚R‘ hat sie den rebellischen Charakter des Beitrages dieser Gruppe (damals) junger Autorinnen und Autoren mit Migrationshintergrund selbstbewusst sichtbar zu machen versucht. Ein Blick auf die literarische Produktion der letzten 20 Jahre wird diese These bzw. diese Selbstpositionierung vielleicht nicht als die zentrale Entwicklungsperspektive in der neueren österreichischen Gegenwartsliteratur ausweisen, aber zugleich doch als eine ernst zu nehmende und in vielfältiger Weise das Erscheinungsbild mitprägende. Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wo und wie sich migrationsgestütztes Schreiben positioniert, und in welcher Weise Querverbindungen zu einer spezifischenösterr. Tradition sprachkritisch-experimentellen Schreibens und Denkens anzutreffen sind, das perse national-sprachliche Begrenzungen unterläuft bzw. ironisch kommentiert.In the codicil to her prize speech on the occasion of the first award ceremony (1997) for Schreiben zwischen den Kulturen Alma Hadzibeganovic, born in the bosno-croatian crossborder city of Brčko, presented a quite idiosyncratic and at the same time explanatory alphabet. The letter ‚R’ hereby emphasized a specific rebellious character of most of her same aged authors coming from migration backgrounds. Looking back on twenty years of literary and cultural production we probably may assert that selfpositionings as expressed by Hadzibeganovic in the meantime have contributed to differentiate at one hand literary techniques of authors coming from other backgrounds and to establish at the other hand connexions and intersections with the specific Austrian tradition of critical, ironical and experimental approaches in writing and reflecting words and worlds

Microstructure and Giant Dielectric Permittivity of Titano-Manganite Systems

The microstructural and dielectric properties of La0.4Ba0.6-xCaxMn0.4Ti0.6-ySnyO3 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6; 0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.6) ceramic systems have been investigated. The samples were prepared using solid-state technique where calcinations was done at 950 °C for 24 hours and sintered at 1300 °C for 3 hours after three times heating of 72 hours at 1300 °C. Surface morphology study showed a well define grain and grain boundary and no changes in grain size when Ba ions substituted with Ca ions. However, the grains size becomes smaller from ~ 7 μm to ~ 1.5 μm as Sn ions were introduced into the Ti site of titano-manganite samples. At high Sn concentrations, the grain boundaries become smeared. The atomic percentage obtained from EDX analysis shows small deficits ± 0.05 with the calculated percentage. In XRD analysis, the La0.4Ba0.6-xCaxMn0.4Ti0.6O3 samples with x = 0.0 and 0.2 are cubic structure (Pm-3m) and distorted to a tetragonal structure (I4mcm) as the composition of x = 0.4 and 0.6. Substituted Ti ions with Sn ions cause the samples structure change from tetragonal to orthorhombic (Pnma). A huge dielectric permittivity values > 100,000 was obtained at lower frequency (10 Hz) and at higher temperatures (200 ºC) for La0.4Ba0.6Mn0.4Ti0.6O3 and La0.4Ba0.4Ca0.2Mn0.4Ti0.6O3 samples in dielectric measurement. At 1 kHz, the permittivity of La0.4Ba0.6Mn0.4Ti0.6O3 compound is ~ 20,000 at 0 ºC and slightly increases to ~ 54,000 at 125 ºC with low loss tangent ~ 0.8. While for La0.4Ba0.4Ca0.2Mn0.4Ti0.6O3 compound, the permittivity at 1 kHz is ~ 56,000 at 50 ºC and increase to ~ 97,000 at 100 ºC with the loss tangent ~ 0.7. For La0.4Ba0.2Ca0.4Mn0.4Ti0.6O3 and La0.4Ca0.6Mn0.4Ti0.6O3 samples, the values of dielectric permittivity are ~ 10,000 over three order of frequency magnitude and also show thermal stability. However, the permittivity at 1 MHz is within 100 to 200 for all samples. The high permittivity values at low frequency are due to the grain boundary effect whereas the low permittivity values at high frequency are attributes from the bulk effect. Doping with Sn ions decreases the magnitude of grain boundary permittivity at low frequencies and increases the loss factor. A Debye-like polarization behaviour with dc conduction are observed in the master plot. The relaxation peak and the dc conductivity in this titano-manganite compound were explained due to the trap-controlled hopping mechanism since the sample is dominated by electronic carriers. In traps phenomenon, delayed electronic transitions make a significant contribution to the complex dielectric permittivity. However, the decreases of the grain boundary magnitude at low frequency as the Sn ions increased resulting in the formation of anomalous low frequency dispersion (ALFD). In equivalent circuit modeling, the electrical property of the samples has been represented by a series combination of quasi-dc response, conductance and high frequency capacitance in parallel. The proposed model is in consistent with the outcome in complex impedance analysis and surface morphology observation consisting grains and grain boundaries. The conductivity of all samples obeys the empirical equations σ(ω) = σdc + Aωn. Each of the bulk and grain boundary response gives the shape of the empirical equation. The dc conductivity of the grain and grain boundary are fall in the range of semiconducting materials (~ 10-5 S/m to ~ 1 S/m from -100 ºC to 200 ºC). The analysis of conductivity reveals that the sample is p-type semiconductors with holes as the majority carriers. The increase of Sn ions increased the grain boundary conductivity causing overlapping with the bulk conductivity. The grain boundary region is more thermally activated than the bulk region where the activation energy of the grain boundary is in the range of 0.31 to 0.54 eV and 0.17 to 0.37 eV for the bulk. The activation energy obtained is consistent with an electron hopping mechanism

Grasp force sensor for robotic hands

A grasp force sensor for robotic hands is disclosed. A flexible block is located in the base of each claw through which the grasp force is exerted. The block yields minute parallelogram deflection when the claws are subjected to grasping forces. A parallelogram deflection closely resembles pure translational deflection, whereby the claws remain in substantial alignment with each other during grasping. Strain gauge transducers supply signals which provide precise knowledge of and control over grasp forces