Anti-bacterial, Anti-oxidant and other Phytochemical Properties of Datura innoxia leaves

To investigate the phytochemicals present in the leaves of Datura innoxia and to assess its antioxidant and antibacterial properties in different organic solvents, leaf extracts were exposed to different standardized techniques. Folin–Ciocalteu method and Aluminium chloride method proved that the ethanolic extract has maximum phenolic content (72.35± 0.52 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (29.21± 1.25 mg EQ/g) respectively. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value 91.398 µg/ml also was in the ethanolic extract as compared to methanol, hexane and chloroform extracts. Free radical scavenging and antioxidant property of extracts were observed in the sequence of ethanol>methanol>hexane>chloroform. There was a strong correlation between antioxidant activity with total phenolic (DPPH, R2 = 0.41; PPM, R2 = 0.25) and total flavonoid contents (DPPH, R2 = 0.39; PPM, R2=0.23). Ethanolic and methanolic extracts showed antibacterial potential against the tested pathogenic strains; Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with a zone of inhibition ranging between 16± 0.9 to 27.5±0.8 mm. This study has proved that ethanolic leaf extract of D. innoxia showed bacterial inhibition and antioxidant activities and this herb can be assessed as a potential therapeutic species

Identification of an antibacterial Withanolide (Dinoxin B) from leaf of Datura inoxia Mill.

Natural medicines are gaining popularity due to the alarming incidence of bacterial resistance even in regions with improved healthcare systems. Hence, there is a distinct and constant need for isolating medicinally active compounds from different natural sources. Taking this into consideration, experiment was done in order to isolate and identify an antibacterial compound from Datura inoxia through bioassay and Mass spectroscopy technique. The ethanol, hexane and aqueous leaf extracts of Datura inoxia were screened fo

Identification of an antibacterial Withanolide (Dinoxin B) from leaf of Datura inoxia Mill.

Natural medicines are gaining popularity due to the alarming incidence of bacterial resistance even in regions with improved healthcare systems. Hence, there is a distinct and constant need for isolating medicinally active compounds from different natural sources. Taking this into consideration, experiment was done in order to isolate and identify an antibacterial compound from Datura inoxia through bioassay and Mass spectroscopy technique. The ethanol, hexane and aqueous leaf extracts of Datura inoxia were screened fo

Fertility booster effect of Selaginella bryopteris (Sanjivani) against high dose of estradiol exposed Swiss Albino mice

The present investigation was aimed to examine the antifertility effects of estradiol and phytochemical influences of Selaginella bryopteris (Sanjivani) in Swiss albino mice. Male twenty- four (n=24) mice were selected which was divided into four different group (n=6; each). Group-1 (G1): control, Group-2 (G2): estradiol treated, Group-3 (G3): Pre-treated estradiol + Selaginella bryopteris (150mg/kg body weight) and Group-4 (G4): Pre-treated estradiol + Selaginella bryopteris (200mg/kg body weight). Forty-five days of estradiol treatment at 25μg/kg body weight were given to G2, G3, and G4 mice. After completion of dose duration G2 were stopped for examination and the rest G3 and G4 were continued for Selaginella bryopteris administration at two different doses for 35 days. Sperm quality, immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone (T) were analysed. The outcomes of this study indicated that compared to G1 the estradiol treated G2 had significant (p<0.001) alteration in sperm count, sperm motility, sperm morphology, serum level of LH, FSH, and testosterone. Rebound effects were observed in G3 and G4 after the administration of S. bryopteris. Compared to G3 vs. G4; the G4 had better results than G3. The testicular architecture was analysed through histological study of testis revealed disorganization of the cytoarchitecture in the seminiferous tubules, vacuolations, absence of lumen and compartmentalization of spermatogenesis. Compared with LH and sperm density, estradiol significantly suppressed FSH and sperm motility. It is evident that the direct action of estradiol on the testis is mostly responsible for the T reduction. But, the administration of S. bryopteris 200 mg/kg body weight had resolve the alteration bitterly than 150 mg/kg body weight of S. bryopteris

Shifting the limits in wheat research and breeding using a fully annotated reference genome

Introduction: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most widely cultivated crop on Earth, contributing about a fifth of the total calories consumed by humans. Consequently, wheat yields and production affect the global economy, and failed harvests can lead to social unrest. Breeders continuously strive to develop improved varieties by fine-tuning genetically complex yield and end-use quality parameters while maintaining stable yields and adapting the crop to regionally specific biotic and abiotic stresses. Rationale: Breeding efforts are limited by insufficient knowledge and understanding of wheat biology and the molecular basis of central agronomic traits. To meet the demands of human population growth, there is an urgent need for wheat research and breeding to accelerate genetic gain as well as to increase and protect wheat yield and quality traits. In other plant and animal species, access to a fully annotated and ordered genome sequence, including regulatory sequences and genome-diversity information, has promoted the development of systematic and more time-efficient approaches for the selection and understanding of important traits. Wheat has lagged behind, primarily owing to the challenges of assembling a genome that is more than five times as large as the human genome, polyploid, and complex, containing more than 85% repetitive DNA. To provide a foundation for improvement through molecular breeding, in 2005, the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium set out to deliver a high-quality annotated reference genome sequence of bread wheat. Results: An annotated reference sequence representing the hexaploid bread wheat genome in the form of 21 chromosome-like sequence assemblies has now been delivered, giving access to 107,891 high-confidence genes, including their genomic context of regulatory sequences. This assembly enabled the discovery of tissue- and developmental stage–related gene coexpression networks using a transcriptome atlas representing all stages of wheat development. The dynamics of change in complex gene families involved in environmental adaptation and end-use quality were revealed at subgenome resolution and contextualized to known agronomic single-gene or quantitative trait loci. Aspects of the future value of the annotated assembly for molecular breeding and research were exemplarily illustrated by resolving the genetic basis of a quantitative trait locus conferring resistance to abiotic stress and insect damage as well as by serving as the basis for genome editing of the flowering-time trait. Conclusion: This annotated reference sequence of wheat is a resource that can now drive disruptive innovation in wheat improvement, as this community resource establishes the foundation for accelerating wheat research and application through improved understanding of wheat biology and genomics-assisted breeding. Importantly, the bioinformatics capacity developed for model-organism genomes will facilitate a better understanding of the wheat genome as a result of the high-quality chromosome-based genome assembly. By necessity, breeders work with the genome at the whole chromosome level, as each new cross involves the modification of genome-wide gene networks that control the expression of complex traits such as yield. With the annotated and ordered reference genome sequence in place, researchers and breeders can now easily access sequence-level information to precisely define the necessary changes in the genomes for breeding programs. This will be realized through the implementation of new DNA marker platforms and targeted breeding technologies, including genome editing

A comparison of slope estimation methods

The study evaluates widely used slope estimation algorithms with the aim of determining similarities or differences between results obtained by each, the accuracy of methods in modelling actual slope, and the suitability of these methods for site-specific and non-site specific applications. The data used in the study comprise of 24 artificial surfaces generated from mathematical equations and a natural surface represented by a USGS Digital Elevation Model of the Salem Quadrangle, Virginia. The concept of using artificial surfaces was to enable determination of accuracy without the requirement for field observations. The gradient calculated from partial derivatives of the equations was used to compare results from different methods. The natural surface was used to validate the findings of the study on artificial surfaces. The results were then statistically evaluated using ANOVA and regression analysis. It was found that the methods could be used interchangeably for non-site-specific applications while for site-specific applications the differences could be very significant.Master of Scienc