Significant energy savings by optimising membrane design in multi-stage reverse osmosis wastewater treatment process

YesThe total energy consumption of many Reverse Osmosis (RO) plants has continuously improved as a result of manufacturing highly impermeable membranes in addition to implementing energy recovery devices. The total energy consumption of the RO process contributes significantly to the total cost of water treatment. Therefore any way of keeping the energy consumption to a minimum is highly desirable but continues to be a real challenge in practice. Potential areas to explore for achieving this include the possibility of optimising the module design parameters and/or the associated operating parameters. This research focuses on this precise aim by evaluating the impact of the design characteristics of membrane length, width, and feed channel height on the total energy consumption for two selected pilot-plant RO process configurations for the removal of chlorophenol from wastewater. The proposed two configurations, with and without an energy recovery device (ERD), consist of four cylindrical pressure vessels connected in series and stuffed with spiral wound membranes. A detailed steady-state model developed earlier by the authors is used here to study such impact via repetitive simulation. The results achieved confirm that the overall energy consumption can be reduced by actually increasing the membrane width with a simultaneous reduction of membrane length at constant membrane area and module volume. Energy savings of more than 60% and 54% have been achieved for the two configurations with and without ERD respectively using process optimization. The energy savings are significantly higher compared to other available similar studies from the literature

Simulation of full-scale reverse osmosis filtration system for the removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine from wastewater

YesReverse osmosis (RO) is becoming one of the most promising technologies used in wastewater treatment because it offers high rate of contaminant rejection and lower energy consumption in comparison with other thermal treatment processes. Earlier research by the same authors in respect of a distributed one-dimensional mathematical model for a single spiral-wound RO membrane module based on the solution-diffusion model has been used in this paper to simulate the rejection of NDMA (N-nitrosodimethylamine) from wastewater in a series of seven RO elements full-scale treatment plant. Firstly, the applicability of this model has been evaluated using a simulation study and the results have been compared against experimental data gathered from the literature for a given plant. Secondly, further simulation and analysis studies are carried out to assess the performance of the plant for NDMA rejection and recovery rate under different operating conditions of feed pressure, flow rate, and concentration. For the studied RO configuration, it is concluded that a maximum of 55.1% NDMA rejection can be achieved, which confirms the remaining issue of lower NDMA rejection

Economic removal of chlorophenol from wastewater using multi-stage spiral-wound reverse osmosis process: simulation and optimisation

YesThe successful use of Reverse Osmosis (RO) process has increased significantly in water desalination, water treatment and food processing applications. In this work, the economic feasibility of a multi-stage RO process including both retentate and permeate reprocessing for the removal of chlorophenol from wastewater is explored using simulation and optimisation studies. Firstly, a mathematical model of the process is developed based on the solution diffusion model, which was validated using experimental chlorophenol removal from the literature, is combined with several appropriate cost functions to form a full model package. Secondly, for a better understanding of the interactions between the different parameters on the economic performance of the process, a detailed process simulation is carried out. Finally, a multi-objective optimisation framework based on Non-Linear Programming (NLP) problem is developed for minimising the product unit cost, the total annualised cost, the specific energy consumption together with optimising the feed pressure and feed flow rate for an acceptable level of chlorophenol rejection and total water recovery rate. The results clearly show that the removal of chlorophenol can reach 98.8% at a cost of approximately 0.21 $/m³

Removal of phenol from wastewater using spiral-wound reverse osmosis process: model development based on experiment and simulation

YesThe removal of the ubiquitous phenol and phenolic compounds in industrial wastes is a critical environmental issue due to their harmful threats to wildlife and potential adverse human health effects. The removal of such compounds is therefore of significant importance in water treatment and reuse. In recent years, reverse osmosis (RO) has been successfully utilised in several industrial processes and wastewater treatment including phenol removal. In this paper, a new model based on a spiral-wound RO process is developed for the removal of phenol from wastewater. A simplified mathematical algorithm using an irreversible thermodynamic approach is developed. This results in a set of non-linear Differential and Algebraic Equations (DAEs), which are solved based on a number of optimised model parameters using a combined methodology of parameter estimation and experimental phenol-water data derived from the literature. The effects of several operational parameters on the performance (in terms of removal of phenol) of the process are explored using the model

Simulation and optimisation of a two-stage/two-pass reverse osmosis system for improved removal of chlorophenol from wastewater

YesReverse osmosis (RO) has become a common method for treating wastewater and removing several harmful organic compounds because of its relative ease of use and reduced costs. Chlorophenol is a toxic compound for humans and can readily be found in the wastewater of a wide range of industries. Previous research in this area of work has already provided promising results in respect of the performance of an individual spiral wound RO process for removing chlorophenol from wastewater, but the associated removal rates have stayed stubbornly low. The literature has so far confirmed that the efficiency of eliminating chlorophenol from wastewater using a pilot-scale of an individual spiral wound RO process is around 83 %, compared to 97 % for dimethylphenol. This paper explores the potential of an alternative configuration of two-stage/two-pass RO process for improving such low chlorophenol rejection rates via simulation and optimisation. The operational optimisation carried out is enhanced by constraining the total recovery rate to a realistic value by varying the system operating parameters according to the allowable limits of the process. The results indicate that the proposed configuration has the potential to increase the rejection of chlorophenol by 12.4 % while achieving 40 % total water recovery at an energy consumption of 1.949 kWh/m³