Effect of cavitation on velocity in the near-field of a diesel nozzle

The entire process of atomization of the fuel in an internal combustion engine plays a very important role in determining the overall efficiency of these engines. A good atomization process could help the fuel to mix with the air properly leading to its efficient combustion, thereby reducing the emitted pollutants as well. The recent trend followed by the engineers focused on designing fuel injectors for more efficient atomization is to increase the atomization pressure while decreasing the nozzle orifice diameter. A consequence of this is the development of cavitation (formation of vapor cavities or bubbles in the liquid) inside the injector close to the nozzle. The main reason behind this is the sudden changes in the pressure inside the injector and these cavities or bubbles are usually formed where the pressure is relatively low.This work mainly focuses on studying the formation of cavitation and its effect on the velocity of the spray in the near nozzle region using asymmetrical transparent nozzle equipped with a needle lift sensor with nozzle diameter of 0.35 mm at 300 bar of injection pressure. The experiment consists in recording of several image-pairs, which are separated by about 300 ns, capturing the dynamics of the spray, a few millimeters from the nozzle in the direction of the flow. These image-pairs are then used to compute the velocity from the displacement of the liquid structures and ligaments by correlating the first image with the second. About 200 of such velocity graphs are then averaged to obtain a velocity map and is compared with the similar average velocity maps obtained at different times from the start of the injection. The angular spread of the spray from each of these images is calculated as well. The images showing cavitation inside the injector are also recorded at these same instants of time so as to understand the effects of cavitation on the velocity and angular spread of the spray close to the nozzle.Comment: 13th International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Aug 2015, Tainan, Taiwan. 2015, https://iclass2015.tw

Frequency based Classification of Activities using Accelerometer Data

This work presents, the classification of user activities such as Rest, Walk and Run, on the basis of frequency component present in the acceleration data in a wireless sensor network environment. As the frequencies of the above mentioned activities differ slightly for different person, so it gives a more accurate result. The algorithm uses just one parameter i.e. the frequency of the body acceleration data of the three axes for classifying the activities in a set of data. The algorithm includes a normalization step and hence there is no need to set a different value of threshold value for magnitude for different test person. The classification is automatic and done on a block by block basis.Comment: IEEE International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems, 2008. MFI 200

Collinear, two-color optical Kerr effect shutter for ultrafast time-resolved imaging

Imaging with ultrashort exposure times is generally achieved with a crossed-beam geometry. In the usual arrangement, an off-axis gating pulse induces birefringence in a medium exhibiting a strong Kerr response (commonly carbon disulfide) which is followed by a polarizer aligned to fully attenuate the on-axis imaging beam. By properly timing the gate pulse, imaging light experiences a polarization change allowing time-dependent transmission through the polarizer to form an ultrashort image. The crossed-beam system is effective in generating short gate times, however, signal transmission through the system is complicated by the crossing angle of the gate and imaging beams. This work presents a robust ultrafast time-gated imaging scheme based on a combination of type-I frequency doubling and a collinear optical arrangement in carbon disulfide. We discuss spatial effects arising from crossed-beam Kerr gating, and examine the imaging spatial resolution and transmission timing affected by collinear activation of the Kerr medium, which eliminates crossing angle spatial effects and produces gate times on the order of 1 ps. In addition, the collinear, two-color system is applied to image structure in an optical fiber and a gasoline fuel spray, in order to demonstrate image formation utilizing ballistic or refracted light, selected on the basis of its transmission time.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figure

MicroRNAs regulate T-cell production of interleukin-9 and identify hypoxia-inducible factor-2a as an important regulator of T helper 9 and regularoty T-cell differentiation

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate many aspects of helper T cell (Th) development and function. Here we found that they are required for the suppression of interleukin‐9 (IL‐9) expression in Th9 cells and other Th subsets. Two highly related miRNAs (miR‐15b and miR‐16) that we previously found to play an important role in regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation were capable of suppressing IL‐9 expression when they were over‐expressed in Th9 cells. We used these miRNAs as tools to identify novel regulators of IL‐9 expression and found that they could regulate the expression of Epas1, which encodes hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐2α. HIF proteins regulate metabolic pathway usage that is important in determining appropriate Th differentiation. The related protein, HIF‐1α enhances Th17 differentiation and inhibits Treg cell differentiation. Here we found that HIF‐2α was required for IL‐9 expression in Th9 cells, but its expression was not sufficient in other Th subsets. Furthermore, HIF‐2α suppressed Treg cell differentiation like HIF‐1α, demonstrating both similar and distinct roles of the HIF proteins in Th differentiation and adding a further dimension to their function. Ironically, even though miR‐15b and miR‐16 suppressed HIF‐2α expression in Treg cells, inhibiting their function in Treg cells did not lead to an increase in IL‐9 expression. Therefore, the physiologically relevant miRNAs that regulate IL‐9 expression in Treg cells and other subsets remain unknown. Nevertheless, the analysis of miR‐15b and miR‐16 function led to the discovery of the importance of HIF‐2α so this work demonstrated the utility of studying miRNA function to identify novel regulatory pathways in helper T‐cell development