THE REPRODUCING KERNEL METHOD FOR SOLVING INTEGRO-DIFFERENTIAL AND VOLTERRA INTEGRAL EQUATIONS

Integro-differential equations are a class of mathematical equations that involve both derivatives and integrals. They have applications in a wide range of fields, including physics, engineering, finance, and biology such as the spread of diseases, population dynamics, and the behavior of financial markets. The study of these equations requires advanced mathematical techniques, including functional analysis, approximation methods, and numerical analysis. They are a rich area of research with many open questions and challenges.In this thesis, we will develop and implement the reproducing kernel method to solve a class of integro-differential and Volterra integral equations. We discuss both cases when the equation is homogeneous and non-homogeneous. Several theoretical results are investigated such as the existence and uniqueness of the exact solution, the convergence of the approximate solution, and the stability of the proposed numerical approach. Several numerical results are presented to show the efficiency of the proposed method. Comparisons with other methods are given

Indoor air quality (IAQ) in educational institutions: a review on risks of poor IAQ, sampling strategies, and building-related health symptoms

Health and academic achievement of students from every level of education are affected by the provision of good Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) since the students spend more than 5 hours of a day in school on average. Hence, this paper discusses on issues related to IAQ studies in maintaining a healthy level in educational institution. The presence of indoor pollutants such as VOCs, CO2, and other hazardous elements were assessed in terms of its effects on students’ well-being and health. This paper also examines commonly reported health problems related to poor IAQ such as sick building syndrome (SBS) and asthma. Every measurements and consideration regarding IAQ provision comes with different techniques and strategies, which were highlighted regarding its relative importance and frequency of use by different researchers. The review suggested substitution of natural-based products for indoor cleaning agents and installation of air ventilation and purification systems for a more acceptable indoor air quality

Patients' and nurses' perspectives on patients' experience for coronary care unit stressors using a mixed method approach

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.Background: Getting admitted to CCU is viewed as a stressful event by patients. However, numerous studies have indicated that nurses do not always accurately perceive the stressors of their clients. Therefore, it is important for nurses to know what seems most stressful from the patients‘ perspective so that appropriate nursing measures can be directed towards minimizing such stressors. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore the perception of CCU stressors experienced by patients from both patients and nurses perspective and to compare between them, identify the effect of socio-demographic characteristics of participant's on the level of stress perception and to what extent clinical guidelines fulfil CCU needs. Methodology: A mixed method approach (qualitative and quantitative) was applied. Purposive random sampling was used to recruit data. Ethical approval was obtained prior to data collection. Data was collected from three CCUs within the West and Northwest NHS Trusts. Participants who met the inclusion criteria were interviewed and asked to rank the Environmental Stressor Questionnaire (ESQ). Qualitative data was analyzed using Gorgi's method of analysis. A quantitative data was analyzed using the SPSS software version 15. Results: There was some consistency in the data where patients and nurses provided same ranking for CCU stressors. Consistently nurses ranked physiological stressors higher than psychological stressors. Patients showed consistency in the findings between what they ranked in the ESQ and their narratives more than their counterparts. Perception of stress was affected by participant's socio-demographic characteristics. A key finding is that the current guidelines do not serve patients and nurses needs. Conclusions: Nurses should be well equipped with knowledge and experience to overcome stressful situations. Educational programs should be made available for nurses to improve stress management. Nurses should assess patient's needs by applying effectively communication skills

High accuracy walking motion trajectory generation profile based on 6-5-6-PSPB polynomial segment with polynomial blend

Many robots, such as humanoid robot, biped robot, and robotic exoskeleton, need human guide. Particularly, there is a strong need for devices to assist individuals who lost limb function due to illnesses or injuries. Thus, several methods of generating walking motion have been implemented in order to generate walking motion according to natural human behaviour for the exoskeleton robot system. Polynomial blend technique has implemented to generate the walking motion trajectory, where the polynomial blend refers to the combination of more than one polynomial. However, three constraints (angular position, velocity, and acceleration) have been imposed by the polynomial blend techniques where the constraint of angular jerk was neglected because involving the jerk constrain will be caused problem of the non-ideal match of kinematic constraints at via point. Based on the aforementioned problem, there are three objectives to be achieved in this project. The first objective is to investigate the trajectory profile for various kinematic constraints of walking motion condition when using polynomial equation. The second objective is to modify a technique for improving a trajectory generation method to solve the problem of non-ideal match of the kinematic constraints through via points that connects between successive segments of the human walking motion. The last objective is to validate the trajectory generation method by testing the trajectory generation methods based on simulation using SimMechanics as well as to ensure that the coefficients values of the polynomial equations are correctly obtained. In this project, 5th polynomial segment with the 6th polynomial blend (6-5-6 PSPB) trajectory is proposed that aims to reduce the error that increases because of non-ideal match between kinematic constraints at the via points of successive segments. The trajectory planning of the 6-5-6 PSPB is generated based on the stance and swing phases. Each phase is presented by one full of the 6-5-6 PSPB trajectory. In order to validate the 6-5-6 PSPB trajectory, simulation using SimMechanics is conducted to ensure that the coefficients values of the polynomial equations are correctly obtained. The result shows that the error was improved almost 0.1445 degree based on the proposed 6-5-6 PSPB compared with the 4-3-4 PSPB and 5-4-5 PSPB. Thus, the 6th -5th -6th Polynomial blend leads to impose the angular jerk kinematic constraint beside the angular position, velocity, and acceleration kinematic constraints during the whole walking motion trajectory. Minimizing the maximum jerk in joint space has a beneficial effect in terms of reducing the actuator and mechanical strain and joint wear and to limit excessive wear on the robot and the excitation of resonances so that the robot life-span is expanded

Synthesis of Biopolymer from Coconut Residue and Performance as Drag Reducing Agent (DRA) in Water Injection Well

Over the past 20 years, polymers have been utilized in oil and gas industries as drag reducing agent (DRA) to overcome pressure drop and optimize the flow capacity in water flooding system. Yet a new eco-friendly DRA extracted from organic materials (coconut residue) is introduced to replace polymers due to its abundance and ability to perform as effective as polymer in accelerating the flow in oil and gas systems. This research intends to describe the preparation process of CMC from coconut waste and then evaluate its effectiveness as DRA in water injection well. The result of injecting these chemicals in water injection well will reduce the number of injection wells by causing a significant improvement in the flow rate which will be able to push the hydrocarbon towards production column. At the meantime, the effect of DRA upon formation permeability is going to be investigated as well as the mechanical shear degradation of biopolymer. The effect of this new drag reducing agent extracted from coconut residue on formation permeability will be evaluated by using benchtop permeability system and observe if such permeability reduction can be induced. Mechanical degradation obstructs the implementation of biopolymer for turbulent drag reduction. In general mechanical degradation refers to the process in which the chemical chain is broken due to mechanical disturbance and result in losing biopolymer its practical usage as DRA. Thus, mechanical degradation is studied by exposing 0.5% and 1.0% solution of biopolymer to a high stirring speed and observe its influence on the viscosity of the solution with respect to time. The decrease of viscosity with time is an evident of mechanical degradation of biopolymer which is educed due to shear stirring

Design And Analysis Of Single Balanced Diode Mixer For UWB Applications

In wireless communication systems,the development of ultra-wideband (UWB) Radio Frequency (RF) front-end sub-components (e.g. amplifiers,filters,switches,antennas and mixers) are highly desired,and they were developed to support several RF front-end systems.The main function of the RF mixer is frequency conversion,where the low conversion loss is one of the key parameters in RF mixer design.Mixer also act as critical components in modern RF and Microwave systems.The unique of the mixer is it can convert RF power from one frequency into another frequency.There are various forms of RF mixer designs which can be used to obtain a good conversion loss and good isolation where these mixer designs have trade off in performance and complexity.Hence,this research proposes an UWB Single Balanced Schottky diode mixer design using Coupled Line and Branch Line baluns for applications of ultra-wideband in 3 to 10 GHz frequency range.Basically,an UWB Single Balanced Schottky diode mixer was designed using two different baluns (Coupled Line and Branch Line).The usage of these two baluns aims to improve the bandwidth and producing a good performance in simple and inexpensive way.The used baluns are determined using a simple mathematical model where it can be combined from different multi sections of Coupled Line and Branch Line to achieve the desired bandwidth.The key advantage of the proposed UWB Single Balanced diode mixer with Coupled Line and Branch Line baluns is a wider bandwidth with low conversion loss and high isolation. Besides,low cost and small size as these mixers was designed in microstrip transmission line.As a result,the simulated and measured results showed conversion loss less than 19 dB and isolation of 50 dB over the frequencies between 3 to 10 GHz.Despite low conversion loss and high isolation performance, the proposed Single Balanced diode mixer (with Coupled Line and Branch Line baluns) used only two Schottky diodes compared to Double Balanced diode mixer to achieve good performance over UWB applications

ENCRYPTING IMAGE BY USING FUZZY LOGIC ALGORITHM

Data communication is transmission data from a point to another. Nowadays main issue in data communication is the security. It can provide a fine solution by encryption. The encryption algorithm is the mathematical process for performing encryption on data. The proposed algorithm supports for user desired security level and processing level. The algorithm provides security levels and their corresponding processing levels by generating random keys for the encryption/decryption process. This facility is achieved by using fuzzy logic. The results of the proposed encryption algorithm will be analyzed by comparing with other existing encryption algorithms. The aim of the research is to build a new algorithm using fuzzy sets requirement which will be more advanced than the existing encryption algorithms

مشكلة البطالة عند الشباب الأفغاني وسبل علاجها في ضوء السنة النبوية: Unemployment Problem Among Afghan Youth and Its Solution In light of the Sunnah

ملخص: يهدف البحث إلى دراسة مشكلة البطالة عند الشباب في دولة أفغانستان وسبل علاجها في ضوء السنة النبوية. حيث تعد هذه الظاهرة من المشاكل الكبرى التي يعاني منها الشعب الأفغاني. وقد رسم السنة النبوية المنهج الأمثل في حل ظاهرة البطالة، حيث علاج مشكلة البطالة من خلال الإرشادات والمبادئ العامة، تحريم الصدقة على غنى أوقادر على العمل، والهجرة في طلب الرزق الحلال، والمعالجة بتوجيهات خاصة بالترغيب في العمل، والمعالجة بالحث على مزاولة حرف وأعمال محددة. وقد سلك البحث المنهج الاستقرائي لجمع النصوص الشرعية من الكتاب والسنة ومن المصادر والمراجع ذات الصلة، كما اعتمد البحث المنهج التحليلي من خلال تحليل نتائج الدراسة الميدانية والتي هدفت إلى مقابلة أساتذة الجامعات والخبراء، وأجريت عينة الدراسة في أفغانستان وشملت (173) مشاركًا (168 من ذكور و5 من الإناث) وجمعت البيانات باستخدام استبيان وتم تحليل نتائج الاستبيان من خلال تقنية حساب النسب (SPSS). وقد خصلت الدراسة إلى جملة من النتائج من أبرزها: أن هناك سبل لحل مشكلة البطالة حيث جاء في المرتبة الأولى الفقرة التي تنص على (إنهاء الحروب المستمرة، والسعي وراء الخطة السلام الأفغانية الحقيقية) بنسبة المؤوية (88.6). وجاء في المرتبة الثانية الفقرة التي تنص على (التنمية الزراعية والاقتصاد الزراعي) ونسبة المؤوية (87.4). فيما جاء في المرتبة الأخيرة التي تنص على(صناعة السياحة ودورها في خلق فرص العمل) ونسبة المؤوية (77.6). ويكون نتيجة هذا المحور (أي من الطرق التالية لحل مشكلة البطالة يمكن أن تكون فعالة في القضاء على البطالة؟) حيث نسبة المؤوية (83.8). فنقول يكون هذه النتيجة مرتفع. وفي ضوء هذه النتائج أوصت الدراسة بتوجيه الطلاب إلى التخصصات الصحيحة والمطلوبة في سوق العمل كما أوصت الدراسة بدعوة مراكز التدريب إلى إيجاد برامج مفيدة وتأهيل متميز يتوافق مع احتياج سوق العمل.ABSTRACT This research aims to study the problem of unemployment among young people in Afghanistan and ways to solve it in light of the Sunnah of the Prophet. This phenomenon is a major problem for the Afghan people. The Sunnah of the Prophet charted the best approach in solving the phenomenon of unemployment. The problem of unemployment was addressed through general and special guidelines and principles. Among the general prophetic instructions in this regard are; the prohibition of charity on the rich or the one who is able to work, and the pursuit of a halal livelihood. Among the special prophetic directives in addressing this problem are, encouragement to work, urging certain crafts and professions. The research adopted the inductive methodology for collecting texts from authors, relevant sources, and references. The research also followed the analytical method to analyze the field study results, which aimed to get the experts opinions from university professors and other professionals. The study sample was conducted in Afghanistan and consisted of 173 participants (168 males and 5 females) and data were collected using a questionnaire. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed through the technique of SPSS. The study concluded with several results, the notable of which include the following: Among the main reasons for the rise in unemployment are the ending of  the ongoing wars and pursuing the real Afghan peace plan, which came in the first place with 88.6%. Secondly, the Agricultural development and economy stands with 87.4%. Thirdly, the tourism industry and its role in job creation stands at 77.6%. In light of these results, the Sunnah of the Prophet recommends the effective measures to solve the problem of unemployment; such as job placement, trade, agriculture, adopting various occupations. This is to ensure safety, happiness, and a blessed life for all; to save religion, belief, and morality from possible threats; and to preserve the individual, the family, and society from the corruptions and vices that unemployment may create in life. In light of all this, the study recommends directing students to the suitable disciplines that possess high demand in the job market. The study also recommends that the training centers need to invent useful programs and offer outstanding qualifications that correspond to the needs of the job market

Status Kesuburan Tanah di Nagari Tanjuang Gadang, Kecamatan Lareh Sago Halaban, Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota

Kesuburan tanah merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang memengaruhi produktivitas lahan. Nagari Tanjuang Gadang didominasi tanah Inceptisol yang berpotensi untuk budidaya pertanian, namun kesuburan yang rendah akibat pencucian hara dan pengaruh kelerengan menjadi kendala utama. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi status kesuburan tanah dan pengelolaan kesuburan tanah yang sesuai di Nagari Tanjuang Gadang, Kecamatan Lareh Sago Halaban, Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan meliputi survei lapangan dan analisis tanah di laboratorium dengan pengambilan sampel tanah menggunakan metode purposive random sampling pada tiga Satuan Lahan (SL). Hasil analisis menunjukkan ketiga SL memiliki status kesuburan tanah yang rendah, ditunjukkan oleh nilai pH tanah 4,8-5,4; C-organik 1,28 1,98%; KTK 14,81-16,02 me/100 g; KB 35-37%; P-tersedia 1,29-1,46 ppm dan K-tersedia 0,13-0,21 me/100 g. Pengelolaan kesuburan tanah pada semua satuan lahan yang rendah dapat dilakukan dengan cara pengapuran untuk menurunkan kemasaman tanah, pemupukan organik dan anorganik secara berimbang untuk meningkatkan ketersediaan unsur hara serta konservasi lahan seperti bedengan kontur, teras individu, rorak, penggunaan mulsa, dan tanaman penutup tanah